BIOL 2404 chapter 3: cells and tissue

This set of flashcards covers key concepts and vocabulary from the lecture on cellular biology, including cell structure, function, and the basis of life.

Cell

The structural functional unit of living organisms.

Organism

An individual living entity that can react to stimuli, reproduce, grow, and maintain homeostasis.

Organ System

A group of organs that work together to perform complex functions for the organism.

Complementary Principle

The concept that the function of a structure is determined by its anatomy.

Anatomy

The study of the structure of body parts and their relationships.

Physiology

The study of the function of body parts and how they work.

Differentiation

The process by which a cell becomes specialized in structure and function.

Biochemistry

The study of the chemical processes and substances within living organisms.

Kidney

A vital organ that filters blood and produces urine.

Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, and Nitrogen

The four major elements found in the human body.

Water

A vital substance present in cells that comprises 50-75% of cell mass.

Nucleus

The membrane-bound organelle that contains the cell's DNA.

DNA

The molecule that contains genetic instructions for the development and function of living things.

Ribosome

An organelle that synthesizes proteins according to the genetic instructions on mRNA.

Nuclear Envelope

The double membrane that encloses the nucleus.

Nucleolus

The structure within the nucleus where ribosome synthesis occurs.

Chromatin

The material that makes up chromosomes, consisting of DNA and proteins.

Plasma Membrane

The outer boundary of the cell that regulates what enters and exits.

Phospholipid Bilayer

A two-layered arrangement of phospholipids that make up cell membranes.

Hydrophobic

A term used to describe substances that do not mix with water.

Hydrophilic

A term used to describe substances that are attracted to water.

Glycoprotein

A protein that has sugar chains attached, important for cell recognition.

Channel Protein

Proteins that create passageways for specific substances to enter or exit the cell.

Receptor Protein

Proteins that receive signals from outside the cell and trigger responses.

Tight Junction

A type of junction that prevents substances from passing between cells.

Desmosome

A junction that anchors cells together while allowing some movement.

Gap Junction

A channel that allows for communication and transfer of materials between cells.

Cell Junctions

Specialized connections between adjacent cells that facilitate communication and transport.

Homeostasis

The maintenance of stable internal conditions in an organism.

Biological Catalyst

Substances that speed up chemical reactions in biological processes.

Cell Differentiation

The process by which cells become specialized to perform different functions.

Epithelial Tissue

A type of tissue that forms protective layers and lines cavities in the body.

Organelles

Small structures within cells that perform specific functions necessary for the cell's life.