Hellenic History JCL

help

When was the first Olympics

776

oecist

leader of the colonists

What would happen when a new colony was founded?

The oecist took fire from the hearth of the mother-city (metropolis) and used it to start a fire in the new city's hearth

The first colony was

Cumae in Italy (originally Pithecusae)

What was the most important colony on Sicily

Syracuse

Who founded Syracuse and when?

Corinth 734

When and where did the Spartans found their only colony

Taras (707)

Made the Spartan constitution in 885

Lycurgus

What was Sparta was also called

Lacedaemon

Who sacrificed their daughter to save Messenia

Aristodemus

What were the Messenians were forced to become

Helots

Why did the Spartans devote their entire culture to war

Fear of helot revolts

What caused tyrants to overthrow the government

The aristocratic government around Greece suppressed the people

Tyranny

Rule without democratic representation

What aristocratic family ruled Corinth

The Bacchiads

Cypselus

First tyrant of Corinth(650); name means chest

How did Cypselus get his name

He was hidden in a chest as a child to escape the Bacchiads who had heard a prophesy that he would overthrow them

Who succeeded Cypselus

His son, Periander (620)

Under whose rule did Corinth reach its peak power

Periander

Tyrant of Megara in 640

Theagenes

Tyrant of Miletus in 610

Thrasybulus

Pheidon

The tyrant of Argos when they defeated Sparta at the Battle of Hysiae. Under him, Argos was the dominant power in the Peloponnese. He also introduced a system of weights and measures. He was a king but used his power to become tyrant.

Who fought a sea battle in 664

Corinth and its colony, Corcyra

Who established tyranny in Sicyon

Orthagoras

Who succeeded Orthagoras and when

Cleisthenes (590). He brought Sicyon to its greatest power and prosperity

Agariste

Cleisthenes's daughter who married a descendant of Megacles

Who were two tyrants who replaced the Penthilid family

Myrsilus and Pitticus

Synoecism

combining political entities into one - have citizenship and rights to everyone in Attica

Who was killed by Megalces when he tried to establish tyranny in Athens in 632

Cylon

Alcmaeonids

Megacles' family; stigmatized by killing of Cylon by Megacles for generations

Draco's law code

621; strict

Sparta gov. structure

2 kings (some power over each other); 5 ephors (chosen out of Gerousia \= some power over king; only 2 were chosen to help campaign

Gerousia

A counsel of 30 noblemen including the kings over the age of 60

Apella

Assembly of all citizens that had some power; had to be 30 and out of military service to vote

Spartan boys system

Newborn was examined to see if fit; if not, it was killed. At age 7, they were put in group camp with boys up to 18 that was ruled by older boys

Women in Sparta

Participated in athletics; could hold property and manage husband's lands; testified in court (all rights of men EXCEPT couldn't vote or hold office in gov)

The Sacred War

Occurred in 590; Crisa tried to dominate Dephi by levying fees on visitors to oracle. Delphians appealed to Amphictyonic League for help

Crisa

Phocian town near Delphi; site of main oracle of Greece and Asia Minor

Amphictyonic League

earliest Greek league who Delphians asked for help from; included Boeotians, Athenians and Dorians

Who were the ruins of Crisa after the Sacred War dedicated to

Apollo

Athletic games established

1. Pythian games at Delphi for Apollo.
2. Isthmian games at Corinth for Poseidon.
3. The Nemean games at Cleonae for Zeus.

Solon

Athenian statesman and poet; Archon from 594-593; went into voluntary exile after archonship

Reforms before Solon

Athens was being turned into a timocracy (classes are determined by wealthy not birth)

Solon's reforms

Seisachtheia (cancelled enslavement for debt); changed Athenian currency; changed selection of public officers to LOT and election (not just election)

What happened after Solon's reforms

2 political parties formed: the Plains (opposed Solon) & the Coast (favored Solon's reforms)

Pisistratus

tyrant of Athens in 561; Made new political party, paved way for working class by giving them land; died in 528 & succeeded by sons

Hektemoroi

Laborers

What political party did Pisistratus form

The Hill

What did Athens do under Pisistratus

Athens expanded during Pisistratus' rule; added Salamis & fought war with Megara; purified sacred land of Delos and instituted Panatheniac feast

Tegea

conquered by Spartans after receiving advice from oracle and hearing that bones of Orestes are in Tegea

Who was Argos was defeated by

the Spartans who became dominant city in Peloponnesus

Peloponnesian League

formed and headed by Sparta

Hippias and Hipparchus

sons of Pisistratus who succeeded him; Hipparchus assassinated by Harmodius and Aristogiton; Hippias exiled to Persia after being forced out of power

Hipparchus death

In 514, Harmodius and Aristogiton assassinated Hipparchus, because Hipparchus had slighted Harmodius' sister by not allowing her to carry a basket in the Panatheniac procession.

Cleomenes

Spartan king who invaded Athens in 510 through invit. by Alcmaeonids; dom. all of Greece until death in 490 \= killed himself after ruining career of Demaratus (Spartan king)

What did Hippias' exile do

it established Sparta as the most prestigious state in all of Greece and also paved the way for the beginning of true democracy in Athens.

Leonidas and Leotychidas

new kings of Sparta after Cleomenes died

Asia Minor

Ionian Greeks est. colonies in Asia Minor around 1000; city-states

Who developed coins in the 700s

Lydians

Under whose reign did Lydia conquer Greek cities in Asia Minor

Croesus

What did the oracle say to Croesus when he asked if he should attack Persia

"a great empire will fall" so he attacked, but in the battle, the Persians prevailed and annexed his kingdom.

Who founded the Persian empire

Cyrus the Great

conquered by Persians in 520, earning them a foothold in Greece

Thrace

Cleisthenes (Athens)

set reforms that made Athens a true democracy; Alcmaeonid

How did Cleisthenes create the foundation for democracy in Athens?

He reorganized Athenian people into 3 region, 30 trittyes and 10 tribes; created new council, Boules (500 members, fifty from each tribe), increased power of Ecclesia, had strategoi elected by assembly (they were more important than polemarch), archons and Areopagus \= powerless

Boule

council made by Cleisthenes that contained 500 members (50 from each tribe) determined by lot

Strategoi

ten generals (1 from each tribe) elected by assembly

Democracy in Athens

508

Cambyses

son of Cyrus who dies without heir

Darius I

leader of the king's bodyguards, seized the throne

Miletus

most powerful Ionian city

Aristagoras

leader of Miletus; appealed to Athens for aid in the revolt on Darius \= the Athenians sent some money, troops and supplies.

Sardis

In 497, sacked by Ionian Greek rebels; former Lydian capital and the Persian provincial capital for the region

Persian response to sacking of Sardis

The Persians responded by defeating the Ionians at the battle of Lade in 494, crushing the revolt. The Persians resolved to punish Athens for aiding the rebels.

Mardonius

Persian general who conquered all of Thrace and Macedonia in 492; killed at Plataea by command of Pausanias

Who was sent by Darius in 490 with 30,000 men to punish Athens to install Hippias as leader again

Datis

Philippides/Phidippides

runner sent by Athenians to ask Sparta for help

Who sent Athens 1000 soldiers

Plataea

Militiades

Athenian strategos in command at Battle of Marathon

Phalanxes

What Athenians organized army into, manned by hoplites

Battle of Marathon breakdown

When the Persians advanced, the Athenians met them. The Persians in the center advanced forward, but the Athenians swept through the Persian wings and caught the Persian center in a trap. The Persians were not able to overcome the superior hoplites and 6,400 Persians perished. Only 192 Athenians (and Plataeans) were killed. Philippides ran the 26 miles to Athens in full armor. He said one word to the Athenians. "Nike!" Victory! And he died. The Persians still had many soldiers in Greece, but when 2,000 Spartan warriors finally arrived in Attica, they withdrew back to their own territory. So by winning the battle of Marathon in 490, Athens saved itself from defeat.

With their new-found pride, the Athenians made war against Aegina in 487, though they failed in their goal of overturning that city's oligarchical government

true

Ostracism

practiced by Athens; if a majority in the Ecclesia voted for a person to be ostracized, they were forced into exile for ten years.

Hipparchus

first person to be ostracized in 487

Themistocles

became the most-powerful Athenian statesman around this time; crafted the ostracisms of Megacles, Xanthippus, and Aristides, in 486, 484, and 482; In 483, a rich vein of silver was discovered in Laurion, in Athenian territory = Themistocles convinced the Athenian assembly to use the wealth from the silver mine to increase the navy's size --> Athenian navy of 200 triremes is formed, a new type of warship that had recently replaced the old pentaconters; made the Athenians greatest sea power as well

Themistocles was ostracized in 472. He went to Persia and died in the Persian district of Magnesia.

Medizing

Persians had begun to threaten Greece = some individuals and even some cities had sided with them

Xerxes

organized his campaign against all of Greece. He brought more than 200,000 soldiers supported by 800 ships. Faced with such odds, many northern Greek cities, which would have to face the Persians first including Thebes, medized on the hope of mercy.

Artemisium

where naval delaying action was fought in 480.

Thermopylae

a narrow mountain pass where the Greeks who resolved to resist the Persians decided to fight a delaying action in July of 480

Leonidas

Spartan king who commanded that 300 Spartans defend themselves against Persians at Thermopylae

Battle of Therm. strategy/play-out

Xerxes, overseeing the battle personally, was shocked that so small a Greek force would dare to give battle to his massive army, so he waited four days before attacking, hoping that the Greeks would retreat in fear. When this did not occur, he sent his troops forward on the fifth day. The next day the result was the same; the Greeks did not budge. Then a Greek named Ephialtes told the Persians of a narrow trail around the pass. Xerxes sent his 10,000 Immortals, his best soldiers, along the trail. The Greeks saw that they would be surrounded. Leonidas ordered all the Greek soldiers except the 300 Spartans and 1,100 allied Greek troops to retreat. Some escaped, but 4000 are said to have fallen. The Spartans and their remaining allies resolved to face the some 190,000 remaining Persian soldiers on two fronts. At dawn on the day all the Spartans knew they would certainly die, they calmly combed their long hair for battle as Spartan warriors always did. When a retreating Greek told a Spartan that Persian arrows would block out the sun, the Spartan replied that he preferred to fight in the shade. The Persians advanced. The Spartans fought literally to the last man. It took all day for the Persians, who outnumbered the Spartans something like 600 to 1, to take the pass. Two of the brothers of Xerxes himself were slain by the valiant Spartans, but in the end, every single Spartan was killed, including Leonidas.

10,000 Immortals

Xerxes's best soldiers who were sent along the trail during Battle of Therm.

After Therm., Spartan army advanced toward Athens where oracle told Athenians to...

put their trust in the wooden wall. Themistocles interpreted that as meaning that the Athenians should put all their hopes on the navy

Themistocles \-- role in battles

tricked the Persians by pretending he was a traitor and sending them false information, causing Xerxes to order battle in the straits of Salamis.

Artemisia

Carian queen who gave advice against giving battle in the straits

Who won Salamis

ATHENS - NAVAL VICTORY in 480

Plataea

where in 479, the Persian army was defeated by a Spartan-led Greek army

Pausanias

Spartan regent who commanded and the Persian commander Mardonius was killed in the battle; became king in Sparta soon after the end of the Persian war, was accused of medizing (including wearing Persian clothes) and recalled to Sparta. He was acquitted, but then attacked Byzantium (477) on his own authority. Cimon, the Athenian admiral and son of Miltiades, drove him out and the Spartans starved him to death in 471.

Battle at Mycale

won by Greeks

Persian wars were won by

GREEKS