Ch 17: Parasitic Infections of the Circulatory System
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103 Terms
What diseases are discussed in this chapter (4)?
Toxoplasmosis, Malaria, Schistosomiasis, Leishmaniasis
What are the types of toxoplasmosis?
Acquired and Congenital
What organism causes toxoplasmosis?
Toxoplasma Gondii
How is toxoplasmosis transmitted?
Contact with cat feces
Which way is the most common way to get toxoplasmosis through cat feces?
By cleaning a litter box
Who is at a higher chance of getting toxoplasmosis?
People who own cats
Who is the definitive host of toxoplasma gondii?
Cats
What is the incubation period of toxoplasmosis?
1-3 weeks
What does acquired toxoplasmosis mean?
When you pick up the infection during your life: not born with it
Is acquired toxoplasmosis usually symptomatic or asymptomatic?
Asymptomatic
Who is not usually affected by acquired toxoplasmosis?
Healthy people
What does acquired toxoplasmosis often mimic?
Mononucleosis
If someone has non-tender cervical lymphadenopathy, what disease might they have?
Acquired toxoplasmosis
What is non-tender cervical lymphadenopathy?
Painless, swollen lymph nodes
What is congenital toxoplasmosis?
When a fetus becomes infected before even being born
If a mother becomes infected with toxoplasma during pregnancy, the parasite can…?
Cross the placenta
Why is congenital toxoplasmosis more severe than acquired toxoplasmosis?
Because the fetus’s immune system isn’t strong enough to fight it
If a patient has chorioretinitis, what disease might they have?
Congenital Toxoplasmosis
What is chorioretinitis?
Infection of the retina
What can chorioretinitis lead to?
Blindness and major vision problems
What eye condition is the hallmark of congenital toxoplasmosis?
Chorioretinitis
If a patient has hydrocephalus, what disease might they have?
Congenital toxoplasmosis
What is hydrocephalus?
Too much fluid in the brain
What is another term for “hydrocephalus”
Water on the brain
What can hydrocephalus lead to in infants?
Rapidly growing head size
If a patient has intracranial calcifications, what disease might they have?
Congenital toxoplasmosis
What are intracranial calcifications?
Hard calcium deposits in the brain
What brain conditions occurs in congenital toxoplasmosis?
Hydrocephalus
What abnormal finding on imaging suggests congenital toxoplasmosis?
Intracranial calcifications
Who would be the most at risk if they acquired toxoplasma gondii?
Adults that are pregnant or immunocompromised
How can toxoplasmosis be bad for a developing baby?
It can lead to miscarriage, serious birth defects, or long-term developmental issues
What test is used to diagnose toxoplasmosis?
Serology
What does a serology test check for?
Antibodies against the parasite
What two drugs cannot be used to treat toxoplasmosis during the first trimester of pregnancy, but can be used after?
Pyrimethamine and Sulfadiazine
What medication for toxoplasmosis is safe during the first trimester?
Spiramycin
Spiramycin does ot treat the infection itself, instead it…
Reduces the transmission risk from mother to fetus
If a mother has been pregnant for less than 3 months, what medication should she take to help with her toxoplasmosis?
Spiramycin
A patient was recently exposed to cat feces from changing their cat litter, what disease are they at risk of?
Acquired toxoplasmosis
If a patient was recently gardening in cat-contaminated soil, what disease are they at risk of?
Acquired toxoplasmosis
What organism causes malaria?
Plasmodium species
Where is malaria the most common?
Africa
What disease is one of the leading causes of death?
Malaria
Who is naturally resistant to malaria?
People with sickle cell anemia
How is malaria transmitted?
Through mosquitos
What type of mosquito transmits malaria?
Female anopheles mosquitoes
How does a mosquito acquire a parasite from an infected human?
The mosquito bites the infected human and picks up the parasite from their blood
How does the plasmodium species parasite from the mosquito get transmitted to another person?
The mosquito bites another person and injects the parasite into their bloodstream
The role of the mosquito in this parasite life cycle is to act as a _________ by carrying the parasite from one human to another:
Vector
What is the incubation period for malaria?
About 1-4 weeks
If a patient has high, cyclic fevers, what disease might they have?
Malaria
If a patient has chills or is sweating, what disease might they have?
Malaria
What systemic symptoms are common in patients with malaria?
Nausea, vomiting, fatigue
What are cyclic fevers?
Fevers that come and go in a pattern
If a patient has myalgia, what disease might they have?
Malaria
If a patient has jaundice, what disease might they have?
Malaria
The plasmodium species, malaria parasite gets into your _____________, grows inside of them, and destroys them:
Red blood cells
What happens to the red blood cells once they become infected by the parasite?
They begin to burst open/lyse
Why does the immune system cause a high fever during malaria infection?
It reacts strongly when it notices the lysing of red blood cells
Malaria destroys RBC’s, so some people may present with low _________, jaundice, and dark __________:
hemoglobin; urine
With every malaria fever cycle, more RBCs are destroyed, which causes ___________:
Anemia
What test is used to diagnose malaria?
Blood smear
What medication can be used to treat malaria?
Chloroquine
What is another name for schistosomiasis?
“Swimmer’s itch”
What organism causes schistosomiasis?
Schistosoma Mansoni
Schistosomiasis is an infection caused by parasitic flatworms that come from…
Freshwater contaminated with human waste
Where is schistosomiasis commonly found?
In areas like Africa, Middle east, parts of Asia
How is schistosomiasis transmitted?
Through contact with contaminated water
How does Schistosomiasis differ from Giardiasis?
Giardiasis is acquired from swallowing contaminated water. You don’t need to swallow water or be bitten by anything with schistosomiasis.
How do Schistosoma Mansoni parasites enter the body?
It sticks to your skin and burrows through it when you are in contaminated water (lakes, streams, rivers, etc.;)
What is the incubation period for schistosomiasis?
About 2-12 weeks
Schistosomiasis is often asymptomatic, but if symptoms do appear, what is a hallmark symptom?
Swimmer’s itch (an itchy rash after contact with fresh water)
What early symptoms may appear with schistosomiasis?
Rash, itching, nausea, diarrhea, flu-like symptoms
If someone has abdominal pain, what disease might they have?
Schistosomiasis
What organs may enlarge in chronic schistosomiasis?
Liver and spleen
If someone has an extended abdomen, what disease might they have?
Schistosomiasis
What test is used to diagnose schistosomiasis?
O&P
What treatment can be used to treat schistosomiasis?
Praziquantel
If a patient recently went swimming in a river/lake in Africa or the Middle East, what disease may they be at risk of?
Schistosomiasis
A patient recently stood in a lake and now has little red spots on his ankles, what disease might he have?
Schistosomiasis
What are the 3 forms of Leishmaniasis?
Cutaneous, Mucosal, Visceral
What organism causes leishmaniasis?
Leishmania Species
How is leishmaniasis transmitted?
Bite of a sand fly
What is a sand fly?
A tiny blood sucking insect that lives in warm, sandy environments
What is the incubation period of Leishmaniasis?
About 1+ weeks to years
If a patient has ulcerated skin lesions, what disease might they have?
Cutaneous leishmaniasis
What are ulcerated skin lesions?
An open sore with a raised, red border
What is the most common form of leishmaniasis?
Cutaneous (skin)
If a patient has lymphadenopathy, what disease might they have?
Cutaneous leishmaniasis
If a patient has destruction of their mucous membranes, what disease might they have?
Mucosal leishmaniasis
What is the worst form of leishmaniasis?
Visceral leishmaniasis
What is another name for visceral leishmaniasis?
“Kala-Azar”
What symptom occurs when the parasite damages the inside of the nose?
Nasal congestion and nosebleeds
What can happen to the structure of the nose in mucosal leishmaniasis?
Nose collapse
How does mucosal leishmaniasis affect the mouth and throat?
Causes ulceration, making it difficult to swallow, speak, or eat
Leishmaniasis parasite eats away at mucosal tissue which can cause ________________:
Facial disfigurement
If someone has a fever and hepatomegaly, which disease might they have?
Visceral leishmaniasis
What is hepatomagaly?
Enlarged liver
What does visceral leishmaniasis affect?
Organs
If a patient has splenomegaly, what disease might they have?
Visceral leishmaniasis
What is splenomegaly?
Huge, massive spleen