NSO 2025

How many spinal nerves are there?

31 pairs

How many ventricles are in the brain?

Four (2 lateral, third, fourth)

What are Nodes of Ranvier?

Gaps in the myelin that allow faster transmission

What are the 3 parts of the brainstem?

Midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata

What are the main parts of a neuron?

Dendrites, soma, axon, axon terminals

What does the amygdala do?

Process fear, aggression, and emotional reactions

What does the brainstem regulate?

Heart rate, breathing, consciousness, and sleep

What does the hippocampus do?

Memory formation and learning

What functions does the thalamus influence?

Consciousness, sleep, alertness

What is a synapse?

Junction between two neurons

What is ataxia?

Loss of coordination due to cerebellar damage

What is the basal ganglia responsible for?

Motor control, procedural learning, and habit formation

What is the difference between white and gray matter in the spinal cord?

White matter contains axons; gray matter contains cell bodies

What is the function of dendrites?

Receive input signals

What is the function of the axon?

Transmit signals away from the cell body

What is the function of the cerebrum?

The cerebrum controls higher functions like thought, emotion, reasoning, memory, and voluntary movement.

What is the function of ventricles?

Circulate CSF to cushion the brain and remove waste

What is the main function of the cerebellum?

Coordination of voluntary movement, balance, posture, and motor learning

What is the main function of the limbic system?

Emotion regulation, memory, behavior

What is the main purpose of neurotransmitters?

To transmit signals across synapses to the next neuron

What is the role of the thalamus?

Relay station for sensory and motor signals to the cerebral cortex

What separates the two cerebral hemispheres?

Longitudinal fissure

What structure connects the cerebellum to the brainstem?

Cerebellar peduncles

What structure increases the speed of conduction?

Myelin sheath

What structures make up the limbic system?

Hippocampus, amygdala, hypothalamus, cingulate gyrus

What type of synapse uses neurotransmitters?

Chemical synapse

Where is cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) produced?

Choroid plexus

Where is the thalamus located?

Above the brainstem, centrally in the brain

Which brainstem part regulates breathing and communication between cerebrum and cerebellum?

Pons

Which disorders are linked to basal ganglia dysfunction?

Parkinson's and Huntington's disease

Which ion triggers neurotransmitter release?

Calcium

Which lobe is responsible for sensory information processing?

Parietal lobe

Which lobe of the cerebrum processes vision?

Occipital lobe

Which part handles motor output?

Ventral horn of gray matter

Which part of the brain controls balance and coordination?

Cerebellum

Which part of the brainstem controls heart rate and respiration?

Medulla oblongata

Which part of the cerebrum handles hearing and memory?

Temporal lobe

Which part of the spinal cord handles sensory input?

Dorsal horn of gray matter

Which ventricle is located between the cerebellum and pons?

Fourth ventricle