WWI

map!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

what set the stage for rivalries to be made

congress of vienna denying nationalism and liberalism

italy and germany unite their territories

belgium and netherlands separte

in AH slavs denied liberalism and serbia wanted to make a bigger slav nation

MAIN- forces that pushed toward WWI

militarism, alliences, imperialism, nationalism

Militarism

the building or creation of military power

glory for military

wanting to have the biggest military with superior weapons

• research and invent weapons

led to an arms race

alliences

if one country in an allience with another was attacked the others would come to their defense

good for small nations for support against bigger nations

imperialism

led to competitions between countries as their desire for more power rose

nationalism

loyalty to one’s nation

the balkan powder keg led to revolution

(slavs in AH dont have representation or power in goveernment

• slavs in bulkan area

  • most radical, have been denied soverignty so they want a new naton

  • movement to create a unified slavic nation

triple alliance, triple entendre

triple allience: germany, AH, italy (will drop out)

• becomes central powers

triple entendre: france, GB, russia

• becomes the allies

entanglement of alliences

germany and france hate eachother because france lost the war with otto and they lost Alsace Lorraine

Germany and GB: germany’s navy is starting to rival GB’s

Germany and Russia: were friends and had a treaty but it expired

Germany and AH: both german speaking and similar heritage

Russia, GB, and Frnace all dont like germany

the final spark before WW1

spark is the murder of Franz Ferdinand

- Heir to AH (arch duke of AH)

- Liberal ideas

○ Had talks about giving more representation for the slavs in AH

§ Ignored nationalist movement to create slavic state in the Balkan area (specifically serbia)

§ If slavs in AH get freedom they wont fight for idea of slavic state

- Assassinated by the Black hand (serbians) that desire unified slavic nation

○ Assassins dying of TB so had noting to loose

§ Positions on each bridge to get into the city (7 bridges)

□ They miss other injured

Gavrillo shoots him and wife and Ferdinand dies

Franz’s assasination

Assassination:

- celebrating their Ann

• Bosnia taken by AH which angers slav nationalists in Balkan area

- Nadelko throws bomb at ferdidand but they got away js in time

- Ferdinand wants to visit injured from bomb so went to hosptal

Driver takes wrong turn and ferdidnand and wife gets shot and die

how germany declares war

1. AH blames serbia for the assasination

2. AH gets a “blank check”

   1. germany will support unconditionally (troops, weapons, etc)

3. serbia gets an ultimatum

   1. serb doesnt do eveything germnay asks so germany declares war

serbia v AH and germany

early WW1

1. Serbia is small and scared and asks for russian help (slavic too)

   - Russia sees itself as a protector of other slavs

   - Russia will help and try to work something ou with AH and germany

   ○ Czar of russia cousins with kaiser of germany (wily-nicky)

   § Don’t come to terms w aan agreement on the willy nicky telegrams

   □ So, russia starts to move troops for war (mobelizes)

   ® Germany takes this as a sign against this and declares war on Russia

   Germany and AH v russia and serbia

   - Russia is massive and doesn’t have good ernough roads and RR to transport people and mats well or quickly

   ○ Asks france to help

   § France sees this as a war to avenge the franco-prussian war and get Ascas-Lourainne

   □ France gives blank check to Russia

   Germay and AH v france, russia and serbia

how GB gets into the war (schlieffen Plan)

- Germany is surrounded by enemies so the troops have to split up to fight both

○ (two front war) east- russia and west-france

§ Needs to stop one front

Schlieffen Plan:

- Germany wants to overwhelm france and get them to sign a treaty to end their involvement in the war before russia mobelizes enough (cant mobilize fast w/o roads and country is huge)

○ In order to take france, they must take paris and fastest way to paris is through belgium

§ They must invade beligum and they didn’t think that Belgium would pick a fight

□ Belgium sees it as an invasion and fights back and is allies with GB

® GB is outraged that germany would invade a neutral nation

® GB declares war on Germany

GB, Russia, Serbia, France v AH Germany

a new type of war

This type of war was new

- Bc of industrialization and new tech, strats and wars were different now

○ Machine gun stopped hand to hand fighting (close range)

○ We are now able to do a lot more death

○ Militarism: we want best military and best weapons

More weapons made and used

“the great war”

WW1= "the great war"

- The great power of the new weapons (mainly the machine gun)

○ Lots of death infected on people (1/3 soldiers- died)

§ Economically devastating

- 40 million soldiers fought

- Great amount of countries that fought

- (not a good type of great)

Enthusiasm for war quickly diminishes

- Reality for our capabilities set in

War will not be quick and will not feel justified

Trench warfare- why what?

- Trench warfare

○ Before, it war hand to hand with swords, swords, and big rifles (not accurate)

§ Now the machine gun destroys that type of warfare

§ One single fighter can kill 100s

○ Above the trenches were the gunfire was, is called no mans land

§ No man survives there because completely exposed to enemy fire.

§ There are land mines everywhere in no mans land

□ Shrapnel comes out and rips through people

§ Barbed wire

§ No trees bc bombed

§ Some people were ordered to go over the top into no mans land to make it the the enemy trench and kill people

□ People just died

what were they?

• 6 by 7 ft paths in the ground that provided cover for soldiers

• caused many deaths due to sewer life conditions

• lived in trenches for up to 7 days at a time

what trench warfare causes

○ Stalemate

§ Neither side can defeat the other and make any headway

□ Barely moved for 5 years

□ NEW GOAL: try to inflict as many casualties on the enemy as possible

® WAR OF ATRITION

life of a trench soldier

rats (bites soldiers and their food which leads to sickness), the reality that they could die at any time

trench foot- people would loose their feet/toes from it

• feet easily pruned, cut, and infected

easily got PTSD

they got bored easily (high highs low lows) and they made a magazine called the Wiper TImes

new tech

artilery

• big cannons that can shoot up to 10 miles

  • terget the trenches

• very deadly

• poisonous gasses will be launched from this

machine gun

Zepplelin (like tejos bombs with cyphers cam)

• invented by the germans

• used to drp bombs on the enlish coat (factories)

• also used mainly to observe the enemy

U-Boat

• submarines

• invented by the germanys

• initially used to attack ally supply ships going from englnd and other ships

planes

• not used very well bc new

• used to gather info (reconassance) (true cypher cam)

• cant carry bombs because too heavy

• ‘dog fights”

  • fought in the sky with the machine guns, dont have the timing right so they end up shooting down their own planes

tank (like iso’s wall)

• used as a big sheild to walk across no mans land

• not used effectlely bc they would break down a lot

• eventually they put cannnons on them

eastern front

• NO TRENCHES

• Deadlier than western front

  • Russian experienced the most casualties (75% soldiers died)

    • Causes the a shift in russian culture (mostly commoners died and they are seen as replacable and they are not trained)

    • Unable to equipt all of its men because russia is less industrialized

      • Could not get its supplies to the men on the front

      • Russia sent men into battle without weapons (find a dead guy and pick up his gun)

        • Many many many many manycasualties

• More back and forth

southern front (italy and bulgaria)

• Italy will join the war but they are not joining a side

  • Which side will benefit me the most

  • Will join the allies because they want to take a part of AH

    • Italy and AH will fight the whole war

      • Italy is getting destroyed

      • Battle of Caperetto (italy getting destoryed)

        • Germany sent troops to AH and italy is overwhelmed

          • Britain and france sends down troops to help italy

          • Italy seen as a burden to britain and france

            • Will impact italy's result and they wont get their land

            • Italy will get mad and will be on the side of not the allies in WW2

• Bugaria will join on the side of germany and AH

• Bulgaria and serbia historical allies

• Serbia declares was on bulgaria but Bulgaria will win

the colonies involvment in the war

War will transend europe because of the colonies

- Colonies will send troops to their mothercountry

- Colonies will need to provide war materials

In africa, german and allied colonies wil skrimish

ottoman involvment and gallapagie compaign

Ottomans will fight on the side of germany and AH

Ottoman don’t like russians

British and frnace wants to send ships to send materials to russia through the dardenelles strait

Ottomans wont let them

India and other colonies will fight to let them through (gallapagie campaign)

Ottomsn will win by trapping allied troops and ships in a peninsula

Britian will abandon the attempt and the troops will die

armenian involment

Armenians are christians

• Some live in ottomans some live in russia

  • The ottomans will start to hep the russian armenians

    • Ottoms will  kick out any armenians and marched out (will die due to murder starvation, etc) (armenian genocide)

japan involvment

Japan will join to get land from the germans and join on the ally side

• Don’t get land and mad at allies and join on other side in WW2

effect of total war at home

Total war: when a country channels all of its resources to the war effort

• All food is produced to feed soldiers

  • Home food is rationed (in the law)

• Curfews put into place

• Raised taxes to pay for war

• Barrow money from its citizens (war bonds)

• price control for food

• Forbid worker strikes

• Convert factories from consumer production to war production

  • Clothing factory now makes army uniforms

• Women had to run society because all the men were gone

  • In charge of finances, jobs, the household, etc

    • Wait im doing everything men do why don’t I have equal rights

      • After war they push for political and voting rights

• CONSCRIPTION: assigned a number and if your number is called you must go to war

• PROPAGANDA: media designed to influence public opinion

  • In print, in film

  • Trying to keep morale high and to make men inlist and to make them give money to the war

  • Publish any massive vistory and win

War fatigue

• Many people are dying

• Its felt on the frontline but also at home with the rationed way of life in fear

why does the US enter the war

 Germany with u-boats targeted US ships (neutral)

• US sees this as violating rule of warfare of targeting neutral nations

• Unrestricted submarine warfare

• LUSITANIA: a passenger uise ship that was torpedoded by germany u-ship (because there was ammunition on the ship) while the US was a neutral nation

  • GB knew of the sub in the waters but didn’t warn US because they wanted the US to join the war

Zimmerman note

Zimmerman note

 

Zimmerman note- coded message from germany (aruthur zimmerman) to mexico to get mexico to wage war against the US

• So that US to too burdened to engage in their war

• Message doesn’t work for germany

  • Intersected by british intelligence and they decode it and send it to the US

    • Makes the US angry at germany

    • Catalyst for the US entering the way

    • President asks congress to declare war on germnay to make the world safe for democracy

      • They declare war on germany

      • Allies get phycological boost and supplies and men

effects of US joining the war

- Gives allies a large psychological boost

○ Release the war fatigue

○ Make them want to keep going and advance

why does the US join the allies

• Gives allies a large psychological boost

  • Release the war fatigue

  • Make them want to keep going and advance

  • Why US join the allies?

    • Culturally economically tied to france and GB

      • Statue of liberty, US helped by france in american revolution, GB mothercountry, English lang to GB, biggest trading partners

    • Germany used submarine warfare

• Only in the war for 8 months

how WW1 ends

• By the time the US gets over to europe its 1918 (takes a while for US to mobelize)

  • While we mobilize, rossia plunges into revolution and leave the war

  • Eastern front has ended

    • Germany can focus its attention on the one front

      • Germany is tired (low morale and low supplies)

      • German kaiser abdicates the throne (propels the end of the war)

        • Why?- the civilians are over the war in germany but the kaiser wants to continue

          • Mutany is created (starts in german navy and flows to the army and flows into civillians) from the battle in the north sea which was a suicide mission for germany

            • Navy men refuse which starts the mutany

          • Word catches on and spreads thorughout military and civillians

          • People rebel enough that the kaiser ends up fleeing to the netherlands

        • Germany temp gov does an armistice (agreement to stop fighting) and the world sees this as the end of the war

US’s view on how the fullly end the war

• US pres. Wilson says here are 14 points on what to do after the war

  • Peace without victory (everyone is a loser and we cant punish germany because they will be resentful and that is not peace)

  • Self determination (a country has a right to choose their own for of government) (for the colonies)

  • League of nations organization (have members of all countries acrss the world to meet to discuss conflict between nations)

    • To prevent a future war

    • Very adament about this

Treaty of versailles

• No one is happy with the result of WW1

• Germany is punished they mad

  • FORCES GERMANY TO TAKE THE BLAME FOR THE WAR AND THEY FORCED TO PAY REPARATIONS (WAR DAMAGE)

    • Not possible to repay

    • Germany had to get up its colnies and ascas Loraine (to France) and reduce military

      • Weakens germany economically, militarily (decreased to 10,000 men), etc so they don’t rise up again

• France and GB think germany should be punished more

• Italy and japan don’t get any land

• Russia wasn’t invited to the peace talks

  • Russian land in the truce between germany and russiagiven to germany is not given back

• Colonies did not get self determination (reason why they joined the war)

  • E europe will get self determination (racism)

• America doesn’t sign and doesn’t join the leaague of nations

  • Sees it as an allience that could bring them into future war

  • Wilson died from advocating for it so much and the new guy didn’t want it

  • America wasn’t fighting for liberty in WW1

    • League of nations wont be as powerful

4 goevrnment collapse

• Russia goes into revolution

  • USSR born

• Germany gov colapses

  • Wymar republic formed

 

• Ottomans collapse

  • Broken up and ruled by european powers

    • Mandates

      • Fromerly ottoman etrritories given to mainly Gb and frnace: syria, lebanon, palestine, iraq, jordan

        • Was fighting again their wn country (ottomans) and ow they mad bc they still not self determination

      • European territories get self-determination

• AH empire colapses

  • Ethnic groups get self determination

    • Hungary, ausrtia, chechiz, poland, finland

overall results from ww1 and countries created

• Unrest in the colonies from not getting self-determination

  • The E countries get self determination why not me

    • Racism and exploitation

• European infrastructure is bombed to shreds

• Europe economy is destroyed (everyting was for the war)

  • Change back to consumer production

• Casualties are immense (9 million soldeirs and 5 million civillions esp in russia)

  • 20 million die from pandemic (spanish flu)

Nicknamed war to end all wars but it sowed the seeds for WW2

• Doesn’t create lasting preace from treaty of versaille

COUNTRIES CREATED

Estonia, lativia, lithuania, poland (given to germany in the war from russia and gets self deetrmination when germany looses; russia mad) tugoslavia, chezoslovakia, hungary, romania, bulgaria, turkey

russian revolution: causes

 

Problems with Czar Nicholas II:

• Ordered shooting of peaceful protesters (Bloody Sunday"

  • Strikes and people mad

    • Forced to create the Duma (russian parliament)

    • Starts ignoring the Duma and eventually dissolves it

• Serfdom

• Still industrializing

  • People have bad working conditions, etc

WWI

• Didn’t have a way to get supplies to get to the front lines (no roads, RR, etc)

• Military leaders terrible

• 75% of men died

• Czar decides to go to the front lines

  • Terrible in military and left wife in charge of russia (she was a bad leader and only cared about her son Prince Alexis)

    • Prince Alexis was very sick (hemophelia)

russian revolution: Rasputin

• She put Rasputin (a mystic and self described holy man) in charge to heal her son bc she was desprate

  • Alexis was getting slightly better (stop mercury and stop blood thinners)

  • She gave rasputin more power in the government

    • Rasputin was not well liked in gov and in people

    • Fires people, put random people in power

      • People join socialist and communist parties

        • Marxist party more popular, and a sector of it (Bolsheviks) is radical and gains more pop

        • Nicholas abdicates (his family didn’t have freedom)

          • Temp gov created

Russian revolution: lenin

 

Lenin launches rev because government is weakened

• Has trust from soldiers by promising equality from communism

• Has trust from peasants by promising to give them land and food (Peace, Land, and Bread)

• Overthrew provision gov w/o war (bloodless)

  • Bolsheviks take over russian government

  • Treaty of Brest-Litosk between rus and germ for rus to leave the war by giving up some land

russian civil war (reds v whites)

Some people don’t want Bolshevik communist government (former nobles, landowner, supporters of royal family)

• The whites

Civil war: the whites (against new gov) v the reds (for new comm gov)

• Reds will win (more support and is unified)

  • Bolsheviks will kill romanov family

  • USSR created

    • Made of many states

    • New gov same problems

• Whites will loose (not as unified in their goals bc hodgepodge group)

New allies

• Communist is opp of capitalism

• Russia and the west's relationship will deteriorate

 

Lenin dies

affects of the war: Latin america

• LA struggling

  • Trying to culturally reclaim itself and economically reclaim itself

    • Trying to do it without the US help so thay can be independent

  • Celebrating LA culture

  • Still has social inequality and caudillo pattern

  • Mexico has a revolution where more democratic ideas come to mind

    • internal struggle as people want change and relcaim their identity

    • Trying to take land from the landowners

  • Still having naitonalist uprisings

affects of the war: africa (pan africanism and negritude movements)

• Africa

  • Still colonies

  • Resentful in the outcome of WWI because not given self determination even tough they helped in the war efforts

    • Pan-Africanism movement

      • Trying to create a movement to unite all of africa against colonialism

      • Congress created

    • Negritude Movement

      • Cultural movement that led to art creation and wrtitings to try and reclaim african identity and celebrate african heritage

    • Other organizations created

affects of the war: US

• US isolates itself

  • Tariffs, restricts immigration (HMMMMMMMMMMMMMM)

turkey

modernized

arabs

• Pan arab movement to unite against european control

• Arab world united already bc lang, history

  • Easier to unite

• Balfour Declaration

  • GB to zionist people (jewish people who want jewish homeland)

  • Movement for jewish people to unite in a country

  • Other countries like bc then no more jews in their country

  • GB declares a promise to zionist jews to make a jewish homeland for them in palestine

    • Palestine controlled by GB in Mandates

    • Not good bc palestine is where muslum (arab) people live so its hard for jews and arabs to live together

    • Why GB do this? To get support of jews for allied cause in WW1

India and ghandi

India: direct colony of GB

• Has indian national congress for indian people to get more rights (not necessarily I want independence)

• Amritsar massacre

  • Shift to independence movement

  • GB passed a law banning public meetings

    • Trying to prevent rebellion

    • Indians meet anyway to protest the law peacefully

      • 50 soldiers open fire on the croud (400 indian people dead thousands injured)

        • Now INC call for self rule

      • GB condemned internationally

• Ghandi- indian elite (allowed to get educated)

  • Goes to south afirca and witnesses apartheid and racism

    • Inspired to make change for his people and becomes the face of the indian independence movement

    • Big on civil disobediance (refusing to obey an unjust law) and nonviolence (satayagraha)

      • Salt march organized by him- a march to get salt which GB has monopoly on

        • Marched to salt water to make salt (1000s of indian people join)

        • People arrested for having salt and selling it

        • Brought awareness to the unjust laws the GB puts on india (international) and ralleyed up all global indian people

      • Organized boycotts against british goods(made own clothes)

      • Organized hunger strikes (to bring national/international attention)

        • Assassinated from a hindu radical who didn’t want equality shortly after india got independence

• GB grants them independence

  • Why?- had been devastated in WW2 (didn’t have capacity to control its colonies anymore)

    • After Hitler, it looked bad to control other colonies/nations

    • 90% of colonies got independence

China- (may 4th movement, 2 parties, japan)

• Weakening bc of foreign intervention (collapse of dynastic system start of republic under Sun Yixian)

  • China plunges into civil war with warlords

• Japan wants to take China as a colony

  • Many attacks and fully invade

• May 4th movement

  • Started by uni students that advocated for modernization in their own way

    • Get rid of old Confucian style government and start to modernize NOT westernly

    • Felt communist in nature (equality)

  • Women played a major role in mvmt bc women hoped that with modernization women could play a bigger role in Chinese life

• In 1920-30

  • China struggles to advance china and 2 factions emerge

    • Nationalist party (Guomindang) - sun yizan's party

    • Communist party -  Mao Zedong (was a peasant)

      • Fighting for power (nationalist have power so they try to maintain while communist try to take it)

  • Japan will attacks china and seizes control of manchuria

    • Many question control of nationalist party bc japan invaded

  • Sun yixian dies

    • Jiang Jieshi takes over nationalist party (very anti communist)

      • Will use communist for his own gain and allies with them to try and force the stop of the warlords

        • Will be able to stop the warlord rebellion

        • Right after, Jiang turns on communists

  • Communist party starting to grow more

    • Long march: Jiang Jieshi sends army against communist and communist tyring to retreat (1000s murdered)

      • Made their way into the mountains to hide sucessfully but still most of communsit party died

  • 1937 japan invades china

    • Raped women and murdered women (10000s) in Nanjing

    • Nationalist and communist unite to fight japan (WW2)

• Will become communist when the resume fighting after WW2 and communist win