Pharmacology Test 1

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Test 1 on January 26

62 Terms

1

Somatic Sensory

Sensory Information received from skin, fascia, joints, skeletal muscles, eyes, ears, nose, and tongue

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2

Visceral Sensory

Sensory Information received from viscera

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3

Efferent System

Sends information from the CNS to the body

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4

Somatic Motor

Voluntary muscle movement

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5

Autonomic

controls organs such as heart, lungs, stomach, and intestines

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6

Somatic nervous system

Acetylcholine only neurotransmitter between CNS and skeletal muscles

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7

Acetylcholine

stimulates skeletal muscle, inhibits cardiac muscle, inhibits and excites smooth muscle and glands (CNS & PNS)

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8

Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid

Primary inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain; can impact muscle tone (CNS)

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9

Dopamine

Inhibitory role; important in cognition, motivation, behavior, mood

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10

Epinephrine

Effects in thalamus, hypothalamus, spinal cord

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11

Norepinephrine

Modulates sympathetic part of the autonomic nervous system

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12

Serotonin

Functions related to sleep, appetite, cognition, mood

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13

Glutamate

Excitatory role; promotes cognitive function; most common neurotransmitter in the brain

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14

Emotional responses

depression, anxiety

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15

Alpha

vasoconstriction, raises blood pressure

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16

Beta-1

increases heart rate and contractive force of the heart

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17

Beta-2

influences bronchodilation

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18

define seizure

Results from excessive firing of a small number of neurons with spread to adjacent neurons

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19

define convulsion

an involuntary contraction or series of contractions of voluntary musclese

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20

define epilepsy

Neurologic disorder characterized by sudden and recurring seizures

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21

what does Glutamate do

increases neurotransmitter firing

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22

what does GABA do

inhibits neurotransmitter firing

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23

what does the disruption in enzymes equal

disruption of neurotransmitters

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24

what are partial seizures (focal seizures)

localized seizures in a specific area of the brain, typically occurs from injuries

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25

where do generalized seizures occur?

in both hemispheres of the brain

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26

what are the four types of generalized seizures

  • tonic-clinic

  • absence

  • myoclonic

    • atonic

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27

define simple partial seizure

twitching and sensory hallucination with no loss of consciousness (focal motor)

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28

define complex partial seizure

blank stare, post seizure amnesia with impaired consciousness (psychomotor)

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29

define tonic-Clonic seizure

muscle rigidity followed by muscle jerks with shallow breathing, loss of bladder control, excess salvation (Grand Mal)

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30

define tonic

body becomes rigid, patient may fall, lasts a minute or less

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31

define clonic

starts with muscle jerks, may be accompanied by shallow breathing, loss of bladder control, and excess salvation; lasts a few minuets

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32

define Status Epilepticus

continuous tonic-Clonic convulsions, high fever, lack of oxygen; with or without loss of consciousness

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33

define Absence seizure (petit Mal)

interruption of activities by black stare, rotating eyes, uncontrolled facial movements, rapid eye blinking, twitching or jerking of an arm or leg

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34

define Myoclonic seizure

occurs with sudden, massive brief muscle jerks which may throw patient down or nonpassive, quick jerks of the arms, hands, legs, or feet: consciousness not lost

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35

what are the two goals of antiepileptic therapy

  1. seizure control or lessen the frequency

  2. Prevent emotional and behavioral changes that may result from seizures

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36

what do sodium channel blockers do

block sodium and lower inappropiate firing neurons

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37

what also lowers and inappropriate neuron firing and blocks certain channels

calcium channel blockers

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38

what are barbiturates

sedatives with anticonvulsant action

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39

what is Parkinson’s characterized by

muscular difficulties and postural abnormalities

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40

what is a drug holiday

when a parkinson’s patient is either taken completely off their or given a lower dosage to ensure their effectiveness

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41

what happens if a patient on an MAOI eat food with tyramine

blood pressure gets spiked to a dangerous level

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42

how do levodopa-carbidopa work

metabolizes in the brain creating dopamine

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43

what does a dopamine agonist do

stimulated dopamine receptors

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44

how does amantadine work

by blocking reuptake of dopamine into presynaptic nerve neurons

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45

how do anticholinergics work

block cholinergics work

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46

how do COMT inhibitors work

block an enzyme that metabolizes dopamine

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47

how do MAOIs work

block monoamine oxidase, an enzyme that breaks down dopamine

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48

define multiple sclerosis

An autoimmune disease in which the myelin sheaths around nerves degenerate

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49

define Myasthenia Gravis

a disorder of the interface between nerves and muscles in which the muscles cannot respond to the nerve signal in order to contract

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50

what is Lou Gehrig’s disease

a progressive degenerative disease of the nerves that leads to muscle weakness, paralysis, and eventually death

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51

what is restless leg syndrom

Severe pain or unpleasant sensations in the leg

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52

what is fibromyalgia

long-term pain over entire body; tenderness in joints, muscles, and tendons

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53

Symptoms of ADHD

inattention, impulsivity, hyperactivity

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54

What is depression

feelings of pessimism worry, intense sadness, loss of concentration, slowing of mental processes, problems eating and sleeping

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55

what is mania

mental and physical hyperactivity, disorganized behaviour, elevated mood; mood of extreme excitement, excessive elation, hyperactivity, agitation, increased psychomotor activity

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56

what is bipolar disorder

alternating episodes of depression and mania; mood swings that alternate between periods of major depression and periods of mild to severe chronic agitation

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57

what is post traumatic stress disorder

Triggered by a traumatic event that leaves a person with intense, disturbing thoughts and feelings long after the event; Persistent anxiety or recurrent fear after a terrifying event

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58

what is seasonal Affective Disorder

depression which occurs in the fall and winter and remits in the spring and summer

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59

What are Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRI)

block reuptake of serotonin, little effect on norepinephrine

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60

what do Serotonin Norepinephrine Reuptake Inhibitors (SNRI) do

increase both serotonin and norepinephrine

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61

what do Tricyclic Antidepressants (TCA) do

prevent reuptake of serotonin and/pr norepinephrine

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62

what do Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors (MAOIs) do

inhibit enzymes that break down serotonin and norepinephrine

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