Language

Educated parents communication style

Educated parents communicate in ways that challenge their children to self-evaluate their understanding.

Impact of educated parents on cognitive performance

Educated parents praise their children, leading to better cognitive performance and a greater sense of competence.

Relationship between parent qualification and child performance

Lower-qualified parents often do not praise their children, resulting in worse performance compared to children with educated parents.

Language acquisition and educational success

Using 'better' language leads to 'better' language acquisition, which results in educational success.

Language deficiency in working-class pupils

Working-class pupils often communicate through gestures, single words, and disjointed phrases, limiting their ability to express complex ideas.

Bernstein's speech codes

Describes two types of speech codes: Restricted (working-class) and Elaborated (middle-class).

Characteristics of restricted code

Includes limited vocabulary, short grammatically simple sentences, and is context-bound.

Characteristics of elaborated code

Includes a wider vocabulary, longer sentences, communicates abstract ideas, and is context-free.

Favoritism of elaborated code in education

Elaborated code is favored by schools, seen as the 'correct' way to speak and write, effective for analyzing and expressing thoughts.

Effect of socialization in elaborated code on student success

Middle-class students socialized in elaborated code feel at home at school, leading to greater academic success.