BIOLOGY 1406 EXAM 1 (CHAPTERS 1-3)

5 THEMES OF LIFE

1. ORGANIZATION

2. INFORMATION

3. ENERGY AND MATTER

4. INTERACTION

5. EVOLUTION

LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION

BIOSPHERE, ECOSYSTEMS, COMMUNITIES, POPULATIONS, ORGANISMS, ORGAN SYSTEMS, ORGANS, TISSUES, CELLS, ORGANELLES, MOLECULES.

PROPERTIES OF LIFE

ORDER

EVOLUTIONARY ADAPTION

RESPOND TO THE ENVIRONMENT

REGULATION

ENERGY PROCESSING

GROWTH AND DEVELOPEMENT

REPRODUCTION

WHAT IS BIOLOGY

THE STUDY OF LIFE.

BIOSPHERE IS:

CONSISTS OF ALL LIFE ON EARTH AND ALL THE PLACES WHERE LIFE EXISTS.

ECOSYSTEMS:

CONSISTS OF ALL LIVING THINGS IN A PARTICULAR AREA, ALONG WITH ALL THE NONLIVING COMPONENTS THAT LIFE INTERACTS WITH.

COMMUNITIES:

CONSIST OF AN ARRAY OF ORGANISMS INHABITING THIS PARTICULAR ECOSYSTEM.

POPULATIONS:

ALL INDIVIDUALS OF ONE SPECIFIC SPECIES LIVING WITHIN THE BOUNDS OF A SPECIFIC AREA.

ORGANISMS:

ANY LIVING THING WITHIN A POPULATION. (OF THAT SPECIFIC SPECIES)

ORGAN SYSTEM:

A TEAM OF ORGANS THAT COOPERATE IN A LARGER FUNCTION.

ORGAN:

BODY PART THAT CARRIES OUT A PARTICULAR FUNCTION.

TISSUES:

GROUP OF CELLS THAT WORK TOGETHER TO PERFORM A SPECIALIZED FUNCTION.

CELLS:

LIFE'S FUNDAMENTAL UNIT OF STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION.

ORGANELLES:

CARIOUS FUNCTIONAL COMPONENTS PRESENT IN CELLS.

MOLECULES:

A CHEMICAL STRUCTURE CONSISTING OF TWO OR MORE SMALL CHEMICAL UNITS CALLED ATOMS.

EMERGENT PROPERTIES

"ZOOMING OUT", RESULT FROM THE ARRANGEMENT AND INTERACTION OF PARTS WITHIN A SYSTEM.

EUKARYOTIC CELL

MEMBRANE-ENCLOSED ORGANELLES.

PROKARYOTIC CELL

NO NUCLEUS OR OTHER MEMBRANE-ENCLOSED ORGANELLES. SIMPLER, SMALLER

IN CELLS, ____ STORE GENETIC INFORMATION IN THE FORM OF _____.

CHROMOSOMES, DNA (DEOXYRIBONUCLEIC ACID)

CHROMOSOME

1 LONG DNA MOLECULE WITH HUNDREDS OR THOUSANDS OF GENES.

GENE IS/DOES.

IS:THE UNITS OF INHERITANCE.

DOES: ENCODES INFORMATION FOR BUILDING THE MOLECULES SYNTHESIZED WITHIN THE CELL.

GENE EXPRESSION

DNA IS TRANSCRIBED INTO RNA WHICH IS TRANSLATED INTO PROTEIN. AKA THE PROCESS OF CONVERTING INFORMATION FROM GENE TO CELLULAR PRODUCT.

HOW DOES ENERGY FLOW THROUGHOUT THE ECOSYSTEM?

ENTERS AS SUNLIGHT AND EXITS AS HEAT.

NEGATIVE FEEDBACK

THE RESPONSE REDUCES THE INITIAL STIMULUS. (BLOOD SUGAR TO INSULIN PRODUCTION)

EVOLUTION

THE PROCESS OF CHANGE THAT HAS TRANSFORMED LIFE ON EARTH.

EVOLUTION IS THE SCIENTIFIC EXPLANATION FOR BOTH ___ AND ____ OF ORGANISMS.

UNITY, DIVERSITY.

UNITY AND DIVERSITY IS THE CONCEPT THAT...

LIVING ORGANISMS ARE MODIFIED DESCENDANTS OF COMMON ANCESTORS.

TAXONOMY

THE BRANCH OF BIOLOGY THAT NAMES AND CLASSIFIES SPECIES INTO GROUPS OF INCREASING BREADTH.

TWO BROADEST UNITS OF CLASSIFICATION ARE:

DOMAINS AND KINGDOMS.

WHAT DO THE FOUR DIVISIONS OF THE DOMAIN EUKARYA CONSIST OF AND ARE THEY MULTICELLULAR OR UNICELLULAR?

1. KINGDOM PLANTAE; PLANTS, MULICELLULAR.

2. KINGDOM FUNGI; FUNGI, MULTICELLULAR.

3. KINGDOM ANAMALIA; ANIMALS, MULTICELLULAR.

4. PROTISTS; OTHER UNICELLULAR ORGANISMS.

DNA IS THE UNIVERSAL GENETIC LANGUAGE COMMON TO ALL ORGANISMS, AND CILIA OF PARAMECIUM (BACTERIA IN A POND) VS CILIA OF A HUMAN WINDPIPE. THESE ARE TWO EXAMPLES OF WHAT?

UNITY AND DIVERSITY OF LIFE.

CHARLES DARWIN HAD TWO MAIN POINTS FROM THE RESEARCH HE PUBLISHED ABOUT HIS STUDY OF THE FINCHES. WHAT WERE THEY?

1. SPECIES SHOWED EVIDENCE OF "DESCENT WITH MODIFICATION'" FROM COMMON ANCESTORS.

2. "NATURAL SELECTION" IS THE MECHANISM BEHIND DESCENT WITH MODIFICATION.

NATURAL SELECTION

EVOLUTION OCCURS AS THE UNEQUAL REPRODUCTIVE SUCCESS OF INDIVIDUALS. THE DIFFERENT BEETLES VS THE BIRD.

INQUIRY

THE SEARCH FOR INFORMATION AND EXPLANATIONS OF NATURAL PHENOMENA.

THE SCIENTIFIC PROCESS INCLUDES...

MAKING OBSERVATIONS, FORMING LOGICAL HYPOTHESIS, AND TESTING THEM.

HYPOTHESIS

A TENTATIVE ANSWER TO A WELL-FRAMED SCIENTIFIC QUESTION.

HYPOTHESIS MUST BE ___ AND ___.

TESABLE AND FALSIFIABLE.

CONTROLLED EXPERIMENT

AN EXPERIMENTAL GROUP IS COMPARED TO A CONTROL GROUP.

4 MAIN ELEMENTS THAT MAKE UP LIVING THINGS:

OXYGEN, CARBON, HYDROGEN, NITROGEN.

ATOM:

THE SMALLEST UNIT OF MATTER THAT STILL RETAINS THE PROPERTIES OF AN ELEMENT.

ATOMS ARE MADE UP OF WHAT SUBATOMIC PARTICLES.

ELECTRONS, PROTONS, NEUTRONS.

WHAT ARE THE CHARGES OF PROTONS, NEUTRONS, ELECTRONS?

PROTONS- POSITIVE CHARGE

NEUTRONS- NO CHARGE

ELECTRONS- NEGATIVE CHARGE

ATOMIC NUMBER

TOTAL NUMBER OF PROTONS.

MASS NUMBER

SUM OF PROTONS AND NEUTRONS.

avorgado number

6.02 × 10²³ = 1 Dalton

ISOTOPE

ARE TWO ATOMS OF AN ELEMENT THAT DIFFER IN NUMBER OF NEUTRONS.

ENERGY

THE CAPACITY TO CAUSE CHANGE.

POTENTIAL ENERGY

THE ENERGY THAT MATTER HAS BECAUSE OF ITS LOCATION OR STRUCTURE.

COVALENT BOND

THE SHARING OF A PAIR OF VALENCE ELECTRONS BY TWO ATOMS.

MOLECULE

TWO OR MORE ATOMS HELD TOGETHER BY COVALENT BONDS.

SINGLE BOND VS DOUBLE BOND

SINGLE,-,ONE PAIR OF VALENCE ELECTRONS.

DOUBLE,=,TWO PAIRS OF VALENCE ELECTRONS.

WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE IN POLAR AND NON POLAR COVALENT BONDS?

POLAR: ONE ATOM IS MORE ELECTRONEGATIVE AND THE ATOMS DO NOT SHARE THE ELECTRON EQUALLY.

NON POLAR: ATOMS SHARE THE ELECTRON EQUALLY.

IONIC BOND

AN ATTRACTION BETWEEN AN ANION AND A CATION.

ION

A CHARGED ATOM (MOLECULE)

CATION

POSITIVELY CHARGED ION

ANION

NEGATIVELY CHARGED ION

HYDROGEN BOND

WHEN A HYDROGEN ATOM COVALENTLY BONDED TO ONE ELECTRONEGATIVE ATOM IS ALSO ATTRACTED TO ANOTHER ELECTRONEGATIVE ATOM.

CHEMICAL EQUILIBRIUM

REACHED WHEN THE FORWARD AND REVERSE REACTIONS OCCUR AT THE SAME RATE.