Unit 3 (1754-1800)

Mrs. Jean-Pierre

First Three Wars with France

King William’s War

Queen Anne’s War

King George’s War

French and Indian War

1754-1763 War between Britain and France

Started over claim of Fort Duquesne in Ohio Valley region, militia led by George Washington

French’s Native allies: Algonquian and Ottawa

British’s Native allies: Iroquois

Seven Years’ War

1754-1763 War between Britain and France

…fought in Europe

Albany Plan of Union

1754 Plan to put into place an intercolonial governmental system to…

• recognize colonies’ shared common interests, NOT to declare independence from Britain

• regulate Indian relations

• resolve territorial disputes between the colonies

• impose taxes for defense for all colonies

Written by Benjamin Franklin

Failed due to fears of it undermining the crown’s and colonial legislature’s authority (power, territory, or trade)

→ Model for future attempts at union

Peace of Paris

Ended the French and Indian War

Negotiated in Europe

→ Britain gained French Canada and Spanish Florida

→ French gave Louisiana to Spain

Effects of French and Indian War

British victory → acquisition of French Canada and east of Mississippi

War debt → taxation

Colonial pride

British view of French and Indian War

Low opinion of colonial army bc poorly trained and disorderly

Colonists disloyal by unwilling to provide money for war and continuing trade with enemies

→ Brits would adopt more forceful policies in the colonies

EX: try to enforce the Navigation Acts

Colonists’ view of French and Indian War

Proud and morale boosted

Confident in military abilities

Decreased confidence in British militia due to poor fighting skills in certain North American regions

→ Still British loyalty, but more colonial pride

Pontiac’s Rebellion

1763 Conflict between natives and colonists bc of westward settlement

Led by Pontiac, chief of the Ottawa, alongside other native tribes in Ohio River Valley

Destroyed forts and settlements from NY to VA

→ Led to Proclamation of 1763 to decrease conflicts with Natives

Proclamation of 1763

1763 Decree by British Royal Crown

Prohibited settlement west of Appalachian Mountains

→ Colonists were angry and defiant bc they thought they earned the right after fighting in the French and Indian War

Sugar Act

1764

Stricter penalties for smuggling

Smugglers tried in vice admiralty courts (British, without jury) → loss of liberty

Stamp Act

1765

Taxed printed paper through revenue stamps

First direct tax on citizens

Stamp Act Congress

1765

Unified response about representation and taxation

Patrick Henry

VA lawyer

House of Burgesses, demanded no “taxation without representation”

James Otis

MA, 1768

Wrote Massachusetts Circular Letter against Townshend Acts, sent to every state legislature

→ initiated call for cooperative action among colonies

Sons of Liberty

Secret radical society of colonists who used civil disobedience and other violent tactics to protest British

→ intimidation, propaganda, smuggling

Daughters of Liberty

Women who supported protests by organizing boycotts

→ spinning own clothes “spinning bees”, making own teas

Placed economic pressure on Parliament to repeal Stamp Act

Declaratory Act

1766

Declared Parliament’s right to tax colonies “in all cases whatsoever”

Argued for virtual representation

Virtual representation

As subjects of British empire, the British American colonies were represented in Parliament

Townshend Acts

1767

New import taxes

Writs of Assistance: allowed searching and seizing of private property to counteract smuggling

Letters from a Pennsylvania Farmer

1767

John Dickinson

Argues that the British COULD regulate commerce, but must have approval from colonies

Showed differences in colonial thought → as farmer, was less radical than urban

Boston Massacre

1770

Customs house protest turned shooting

Paul Revere propaganda engraving

John Adams defends British soldiers

Committees of Correspondence

1772

Communication between colonies about threatening British actions

Tea Act

1773

Lowered prices of British tea exponentially to improve British East India Co

Made smugglers and merchants struggle to sell their own / foreign tea

Boston Tea Party

Dec, 1773

Threw millions of dollars worth of British East India tea into Boston harbor

Sons of Liberty protest

Intolerable Acts

1774

Closed Boston Port until tea paid for

Shuts down Boston state legislature/assembly

First Continental Congress

1774

Suffolk Resolves: resumed economic sanctions on British

Military preparation (training and supplies) in Concord

Lexington and Concord

1775

British came to Concord, MA to stop military prep

Minutemen Paul Revere notified colonial militia

250 British died → humiliating

Second Continental Congress

1775

Olive Branch Petition: Pledged loyalty to British Empire, but only if they protected colonial rights

Start Continental Army, led by George Washington

Common Sense

1776

Thomas Paine

Wrote about abstract revolutionary ideals in common, easy-to-understand language

Criticized monarchy and King George III

→ ignited public’s demand for revolution

Declaration of Independence

1776

Thomas Jefferson

Inspired by John Locke’s Social Contract

• Life

• Liberty

• Pursuit of Happiness (Locke: Property)

→ inspired revolutions around world: Haiti, Latin America, French

Battle of Saratoga

1777

Victory in NY for Americans

Persuaded France to ally with Americans and provide supplies, weapons, and manpower

Marquis de Lafayette: French general in colonial army; had connections as nobleman and helped orchestrate French-American alliance

Battle of Yorktown

1781

Last major battle in war

Supported by French navy and military → US victory

Treaty of Paris (1783)

Ended American Revolution

• US recognized as independent nation

• Expanded boundary to Mississippi River

Women in the Revolution

Molly Pitcher: taking husband’s place, fought in battle

Deborah Sampson: passed as a man and fought in war

Republican Motherhood

Women expected to raise children to be virtuous and patriotic

→ women must also be educated

Abigail Adams: “Remember the ladies…”

Articles of Confederation

1781, 1 branch of government: Unicameral legislature

1 representative from each state

Power to…

• Wage war

• Make treaties

Could NOT levy taxes or regulate commerce, enforce Treaty of Paris

→ unpaid debt, intercolonial conflicts, economic depression, strained foreign affairs

Shays’ Rebellion

1786 Uprising

High state tax, imprisonment for debt, lack of paper money

→ Highlighted weaknesses of federal government under Articles of Confederation

Land acts under the AoCs

Land Ordinance of 1785

→ Policy for surveying and selling western lands

• public education per township

Northwest Ordinance

→ Law for creating new states between Great Lakes and Ohio River

• Allowed self-government and prohibit slavery, which made territory attractive to Black and white settlers

Annapolis Convention

1786 Annapolis, MD

5 representatives met to discuss problems with AoC

Planned Constitutional Convention in PA

Constitutional Convention

1787 Philadelphia, PA

Federalism

• Strong central government

• Separation of powers

• Checks and balances

Representation

• VA, NJ Plans → CT Plan / Great Compromise

• 3/5ths Compromise

Economic

• Commercial compromise

Electoral college → protect presidency from popular will

New Jersey Plan

Equal representation for each state

Favored small states

Supported by James Madison

Virginia Plan

Representation based on state’s population

Favored large states

Connecticut Plan / The Great Compromise

Roger Sherman

Bicameral legislature

• Senate (upper house) : equal representation

• House of Representatives (lower): by population

3/5ths Compromise

Each slave would be counted 3/5ths of a person in regards to a state’s taxation and representation in government

→ Inflated southern states’ power

Commercial Compromise

Gave central government power to regulate interstate commerce and foreign trade

• No taxes on exports (South)

Electoral College

Each state assigned number of electors → number of Senators and Reps to elect president

• Protect presidency from popular will

Federalists v Anti-Federalists

Federalists:

• Support ratification of Constitution

• Along Atlantic Coast and urban centers/cities

• James Madison, Alexander Hamilton

Anti-Federalists:

• Did not support ratification of Constitution

• Small farmers + settlers on Western Frontier (immigrants!)

• Thomas Jefferson

The Federalist Papers

Written by Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, and John Jay

Persuaded practicality o fthe Constitution

Big part of the federalist campaign

Bill of Rights

First 10 amendments of the Constitution (1787)

Made Anti-Federalists agree to ratify Constitution

→ protected personal liberties of the people against a potential tyrannical government

First Amendment

Speech, press, religion, assembly

Free exercise

Establishment

Second Amendment

Right to bear arms

Third Amendment

No quartering of soldiers

→ ties back to Quartering Act of pre-Revolutionary era

Fourth Amendment

No searches and seizures without warrant for probable cause

→ ties back to writs of assistance (Townshend Act 1767)

Fifth Amendment

Due process

Right against self-incrimination

Sixth Amendment

Speedy and fair trial

Counsel (lawyer)

Seventh Amendment

Jury

Eighth Amendment

No cruel or unusual punishment

No excessive bail

Ninth Amendment

Just because other rights aren’t listed here, does not mean you do not have other rights

Tenth Amendment

Any laws not listed here are determined by the state

→ reserves power of states

Executive Office Post-Revolution

President - George Washington

VP - John Adams

Cabinet members

• Secretary of State - Thomas Jefferson

• Secretary of War - Henry Knox

• Secretary of Treasury - Alexander Hamilton

• Attorney General - Edmund Randalph

Judiciary Act of 1789

Established Supreme Court with 1 chief justice and 5 associate judges

• Judges rule on Constitutionality of decisions made by state courts and laws made by Congress

Hamilton’s Financial Plan

National Bank - establish credit-worthiness of fedreal government

National Debt - federal govn. assume states’ debts and oay off war bonds

Tariffs - high tariffs on imports to protect new industries + collect revenue

NOT approved: subsidies for manufacturing

• Supported by northern merchants and speculators, who would benefit from a stable currency + high tariffs

• Hamilton defended his plan by evoking the Necessary and Proper Clause

Necessary and Proper Clause

Authorizes Congress to employ any means that are appropriate and plainly adapted to the permitted end

• Enumerated powers - Democrat-Republicans: must follow Consitution strictly

• Implied powers - Federalists: ability to follow Financial Plan is IMPLIED

Proclamation of Neutrality

1793

Washington declared neutrality in French Revolution

Cancels prior treaty with France

• Thomas Jefferson resigns

• Against popular clamor

Citizen Genet

French minister in US

Appealed directly to US citizens to support the French Revolution

Removed by Washington, stayed in US and became citizen

Jay Treaty

1794 Treaty with Britain

John Jay sent to discuss occupying posts on Western Frontier (and impressment)

→ Improved relations with British, maintained neutrality, angered supporters of French (Democrat-Republicans)

Pinckney Treaty

1795 Treaty with Spain

Spain allowed US to use port of New Orleans and navigate Mississippi River to trade

Response to Jay Treaty

→ improved diplomatic relations and solved territorial disputes with Spain

Battle of Fallen Timbers

1794 Battle with Northwest Confederacy

Natives supported by British, but defeated by US army

→ Treaty of Greenville

Natives lose claim to Ohio Valley territory, which opened for US settlement

Whiskey Rebellion

1791-1794

Response to Hamilton’s excise tax on whiskey

Farmers in western Pennsylvania refused to pay tariffs and attacked collectors

→ George Washington put down rebellion with US army, with no bloodshed and relative ease

*Highlighted the power and effectiveness of Constitution

Public Land Act

1796

Orderly procedures for dividing and selling federal lands at moderate prices

• Encouraged rapid settlement in West

• States added: Vermont, Kentucky, Tennessee

(Jay Treaty and Treaty of Greenville gave US more land to settle west)

Federalists (Post-Revolution)

Leaders: Alexander Hamilton, John Adams

Interprets constitution loosely (implied power)

Pro-British

Large army and navy

Economic focus on businesses, national banks, high tariffs

• Supported by: northern business owners, large landowners

Democrat-Republicans

Leaders: Thomas Jefferson, James Madison

Interprets constitution strictly (enumerated power)

Pro-French

Small army and navy

Economic focus on agriculture, no national bank, no high tariffs

• Supported by: skilled workers, small farmers, plantation owners, immigrants, western frontiers

Washington’s Farewell Address

No…

• Getting involved in foreign affairs

• Making permanent alliances with European countries

• Forming political parties

• Fall into sectionalism

John Adams

2nd President of US

Federalist

Unpopular foreign affair issues

Passed anti Democrat-Republican laws

Peaceful transfer of power to Thomas Jefferson in 1800

XYZ Affair

Ambassaders sent to discuss French impressment of US soldiers

In turn, French officials ask for bribes

• Creates strong anti-French sentiment = Quasi War

• Leads to Federalist majority in House

Naturalization Act

increased the waiting period for an immigrant to become a citizen from 5 to 14 years

Alien Act

authorized the President to deport any alien deemed dangerous to the peace and safety of the nation

Sedition Act

made it a crime to publish false, scandalous, or malicious writing against the US government, including the President and Congress

Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions

political statements drafted in 1798 by the legislatures of Virginia and Kentucky in response to the Alien and Sedition Acts

→ shaped idea of nullification

“Revolution” of 1800

peaceful transfer of power from Adams to Jeffersonian