Hazards + development

Continental crust

less dense

Oceanic crust

more dense

Why does plates move?

Tectonic plates move due to convection currents in the earths mantle and the process of slab pull. Convection currents are driven by the heat from the Earth core that creates a flow in the mantle that drags the plates along the surface. Slab pull occurrs when a dense oceanic plates subducts beneath another plate pulling the rest of the plate with it into the mantle.

how do earthquakes occur?

Earthquakes occur when stress builds up along boundaries due to the friction as tectonic plates try to move. Eventually this pressure is released which causes a sudden movement of the plates at the focus and energy is released as seismic waves.

Sichuan earthquake case study

87000 dead, 370000 injured, 120 billion in damages, 80 percent building destroyed

What is remote sensing

Involved using satellite imagery, drones and mapping software to assess damages and predict potential impacts

What are early warning systems

Uses seismic sensors to detect earthquakes

what is land use planning

Involved regulating where buildings can be constructed based on seismic risk

Indian Ocean tsunami

230k deaths, 15 billion in damages, 14 countries affected

Volcanic hazards

Acid rain, ash fallout, land slides, lahar, earthquakes

Features of a composite volcanoe

Steep, viscous lava, strong eruption, layers of lava Asha lava, on destructive plate boundary

Features of a shield volcanoe

sloping sides, non viscous lava, weak eruption, layers of cooled lava, constructive plate boundary

Reasons for living near volcanoes

Valuable minerals, uneducated, fertile soil, can’t afford to move, tourism, geothermal energy

Flood case study

1700 dead, 30 billion in damages, widespread of waterborne diseases

what forms on a constructive plate boundary

shield volcanoe, earthquakes

what forms on a destructive plate boundary

volcanoes and earthquakes

what forms on a collision plate boundary

fold mountains and earthquakes

what forms on a conservative plate boundary

earthquakes

The core

, made of solid iron and nickel

outer core

, made of liquid iron and nickel

the mantle

made of magma

the crust

made of soil or rock

what are rescue teams

dedicated search teams trained to respond immediately

what are evacuation plans

detail the safest exit and protocols during an emergency

what is steel bracing

involves reinforcing buildings with steel frames to resist lateral forces

what is public education

inform population about earthquake preparedness

what are shock absorbers

shock absorbers are installed at the foundation allowing the structure to move independently

what are the causes of uneven development

war, colony, natural resources, climate

how does war affect development

destroys infrastructure leaving country in poverty. Syria has bad infrastructure

how does colony affect development

Leaves countries with economies structured around exporting raw materials rather than fostering industrial growth making them economically dependant. DRC was exploited for its natural resources

how do natural resources affect development

lack of natural resources can limit opportunities, poorly managed resources can lead to exploitation. Saudi Arabia experienced growth due to its resources

how does climate affect development

doesn’t allow crops to grow. Chad suffers from poor conditions that limit crops

where are volcanoes located

plate boundaries and 75 percent around the ring of fire

development

means positive change that makes things better. it usually means people standard of living and quality of life

development gap

is the difference in standard of living between the worlds richest and poorest countries

GNI (gross national income)

Is an economic measure of development

HDI

life expectancy, access to education, standard of living (0-1.0)

development indicators

adult literacy rate, life expectancy, percent of population with access to safe clean water, number of doctors per 100000 people, under 5 mortality rate, GNI per person, percent of children below 5 that are underweight

DTM

shows change to population over time

Stage 1

Birth rate is high due to lack of contraception and need for labor, death rate is high due to disease

Stage 2

Birth rate is high, death rate is decreasing due to improved healthcare and sanitation (Afghanistan)

Stage 3

Birth rate is decreasing due to urbanisation and better education, death rate is low (India)

Stage 4

birth rate is low, death rate is low (UK)

Stage 5

birth rate is very low due to ageing population, death rate is stable (Japan)

short term impacts

loss of life, injuries, buildings collapsing, displacement

long term impacts

homelessness, debt, erosion, lack of tourism, pressure on hospitals