The Civil War - 7

North’s Goal

Restore the union/play offensive

South’s Goals

• Continue as the confederacy/Defense

3 reasons Lincoln thinks secession is impractical

• Who owns national debt?

• Who owns federal territory?

• Who will enforce fugitive slave laws?

How did South plan to win

• Sieze D.C

• Disrupt communications

• Foreign alliances

How did North plan to win?

1. Capture Richmond

2. Gain control of Mississippi river

3. Naval Blockade

Start of the war (April 12 1861) + Dilemma

• Fort Sumter

• Fort in Charleston (1 of 2 remaining southern forts belonging to union)

• Food last only 3 weeks

• Dilemma:

  • If navy reinforces ft —> responsible for starting war (Union’s slave states secede)

  • If evacuate → treat Confederacy as a legitimate nation.

• Decides to send supplies

• 34hr bombardment (Ft Surrenders) + War begins

What did Lincoln do after Ft Sumter + Responses

• Lincoln called for 75,000 volunteers to serve for 3 months. 

  • North - Eager to enlist (Iowa)

•  Virginia - unwilling to fight other S states → seceded

Why was VA such a terrible loss?

• Most populated state in the South

• Most industrialized

What states seceded after the Ft Sumter (4) (All the very niceCats)

• Arkansaw

• Tennesse

• Virginia

• North Carolina

Border states (Don’t marry kind men)

• Union slave states that did not secede

• Delaware

• Maryland

• Kentucky

• Missouri

• (West Virginia later)

What would happen to the south if the Border states joined the South?

• Double the South’s manufacturing

• Increase the South’s supply of horses and mules

• Give the South access to the Ohio River

Confederecy Capitol

Richmond, Virgina

What color was the North and South

N - Blue

S - Gray

South advantages

• “Moral” advantage (fight oppressive gov)

• Talented military officers

• Military traditions

• Cotton industry

North Advantages (9)

• Control of Sea/Navy

• Factories

• Food production

• Railroad system. 

• Greater population

• Stable government

• Farm acerage

• Wealth

• Lincoln, a decisive & patient leader

How many states did the confederacy have?

11 (South Carolina, Mississippi, Florida, Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, Texas, Virginia, Arkansas, Tennessee, and North Carolina.)

Unions 3 step military strategy

1. Navy blockade S ports → couldn’t export cotton or import manufactured goods, 

2. Riverboats & armies move down the MS River + split Confederacy in two

3. Armies capture the Confederate capital (Richmond, Virginia)

- Anaconda plan - a snake that suffocates victims in it’s coils

Stone Wall Jackson

Confederate general

1st Bull Run significance (5)

• 1st major land battle

• Ended illusion of quick war

• Encouraged N to fight & Lincoln called for 500,000 more men

• boosted Confederacy

• Reputation of “Stonewall Jackson”

• Confederate Victory

Forts Henry and Donelson

•  Union invaded western Tennessee

• Union captured 2 Confederate forts on important rivers - Ft Henry on Tennessee River + Ft Donelson on the Cumberland River. 

Shiloh Significance (3) (Sh-ow)

• Taught both sides they had to send out scouts, dig trenches, and build fortifications

• Demonstrates how bloody the war could be

• Union confident in succeeding in cutting the Confederacy in two (Set up for Vicksburg)

2nd Battle of Bull Run signifiance (4) (Bulls fight to win)

- made Robert E. Lee’s reputation

- crippled Union morale

- led to the first Confederate invasion of the Union (Antietam)

- Confederates realized they could only win if they invaded

Cause for Antietam

Union soldier found Lee’s military orders (revealed he was seperated from Stonewall) → Attacked him

Antietam Significance (4)

- Union victory

-Deadliest day in US history

-Ended Lee’s invasion of the North (for a time)

-No foreign intervention on behalf of the Confederacy

-Lincoln signed the Emancipation Proclamation

Fredericksburg Significance (3)

• Hurt Union morale

• Causes problems in Lincoln’s cabinet

• Sets up Chancellorsville for the Confederacy

Vicksburg (3)

• Union victory

• Split Confederacy by taking control of MS River

• Turned the tide of war for the Union

• Led to Grant taking control of all Union forces

Chancellorsville Significace (3)

• Confederate victor

• Stonewall Jackson died —> severe military blow to south

• Revitalized the South’s morale

• Led to Lee’s invasion of PA (Gettysburg)

Gettysburg Significance (3)

• Turning point for the Union (Victory)

• Stopped Lee’s invasion of the North

• Largest battle ever fought in North America

• Gettysburg Address

Gettysburg Adress

• Delivered after deaths in gettysburg

• Redefined the civil war —> Fight for equality

• Inspire North to continue fighting

Ft. Wagner

• Proved Black soldiers good soldiers

• Led to more recruitment of Black soldiers

• 54th Regiments of MA (all Black regiment)

Sherman’s March

• Total war

• Significant damage to the South (Scare future secession)

• Boosted Union morale

• Freed enslaved people as he went

• Lincoln won re-election in 1864

Appomattox Courthhouse

• The site where Lee surrendered to Grant (April/9/1865)

Ironclad ships

• Splinter wooden ships

• Withstand cannon fire

• Resist burning.

Minie Ball

• Soft lead bullet 

• More destructive than earlier bullets. 

General McClellan.

Union General

• Very cautious

• Never took action

• Couldn’t seize Richmond

Black Soldier in the North

• 1% of populatino but 10% of Army

• Discrimination

  • Payed less

  • Rank cant go past captain

  • Seperate regiments

• Higher mortality rate (Disease, execution from south)

African Americans in the South + Response

• Slaves sought freedom behind the union army lines

• Slave resistance: Break equipment, sabatoge work, neglect livestock

• Southerners tighten slave patrols + Spread rumors about union army

South economy during war (4)

• Food shortage (lack of manpower, union occupation, union blockade, and loss of slaves)

• Food prices skyrocketed: Riots and mobs

• Each state had seperate currency

• Inflation 7,000%

North Economy during war (6)

• Industries boomed

• Wages did not keep up with prices though.

• New national currency (Paper).

• Inflation 80%.

• Woman gov jobs

• First national income tax

Daily Civil War Harships

• Disease (Poor hygiene)

• Army rations (Gross)

• Clara Barton - Women nurses - Improved conditions

Prison Conditions Civil War

• War prisons are disgusting (no shelter, lack of food, not hygenic)

• Andersonville worst confederate prison

• Henry Wirz was executed as a war criminal

North faces political problems

• Martial law (Federal troops).

• Suspension of habeas corpus (Hear your chargers).

• Seized telegraph offices (Check for subversion).

• Arrested copperheads (Northern dems who wanted peace with south)

• Conscription

South Faces political problems

• Suspension of habeas corpus

• Conscription

Civil War constitutional crisis (N)

• Ordered a bloocakde and increased a federal army w/o congress

• suspended writ of habeas corpus

• "Supervised" voting in border states

• Closed newspapers, editors arresred for obstructing war effort

Election of 1864

• Candidates - Lincoln/McClellan

• Lincoln wins

Lincoln First inagural address

• Said union was perpetual

• Secession “legally void and undemocratic”

• Pledged not to interfere with slavery S

• Maintain federal property and enforce laws

Lincoln Second inagural address

• “Malice towards none”

• Not much more to say

• Nobody wanted the war but it came inevitably

• Divine judgment

Economic Legacy of Civil War (6)

• New paper currency

• National Railroad System funded by Fed 

• National Bank Act of 1863 

• Northern Buisness Grows 

• South Economy Devestated 

• N & S Economic differences

  •  S held only 12% of wealth;

  • S earned 40%. Of Northern average

What was the National Bank Act

• System of fed chartered banks, set requirements for loans, required bank inspections. 

Why did Northern Buisnesses grow after the Civil war

• Manufacturers  got rich by selling war supplies to gov, so had money to invest in businesses after.

• Drafts caused labor shortage → Sale of labor agriculture tools increased (Reaper)

Why was southern economy devastated after the war

• Cheap labor (slavery) gone → Wrecked region’s industry. 

• Wipe out 40%  of the livestock

• Destroyed farm machinery + railroads

• Thousands of acres of land uncultivated.

What was the price of the war for both sides

 

• Union & Confederate govs spent a total of $3.3 bil

• Federal budget affected by war debt interest payments and veterans pensiions

Social legacy after war (6)

• 13th Amenment → Abolish Slavery

  • 4 mill newly freed Blacks

• New Life Paths 

  • Soldiers continue military careers or live civilian lives

• Casualties

• Effects of draft on lives

  • Nearly 10% of the pop

  •  Disrupted education, careers, and families.

• American Red Cross

• People devastated/shocked by Lincoln’s assasination

Political Legacy after the war (7)

• Fed Gov assumed supreme national authority (No state ever seceded again)

  • Increased fed gov’s power

• Income Tax

• Paper currency

• Conscription

• National railroad system

• Bank Act

• 13th Amendment

13th amendment

Abolished slavery in all of US (except as punishment for a crime)

Emancipation Proclomation

• Declared all slaves in Confederate states be free

• After Antietam

• Freed slaves as union captured more land

Lincoln’s Assasination (When; Where; Who; How)

• 5 days after victory

• Ford’s theater (Washington)

• John Wilkes Booth - Actor & Southern sympathizer

• Shot Lincoln in head (Died next morning)

Lincoln’s funeral train

• Took Lincoln to home of Springfield, Illinois

• Took 16 days

• People from all over country gathered to honor him as the train went

Dolly Lunts Diary

• Live in Georgia describing raids of Sherman’s march

NYC Draft riots cause

• RIch could pay their way out of drafts

• Irish viewed drafts as forcing them to fight for freedom of blacks (Only ppl below them in society)

To who/what were eh NYC drafts directed at

• The draft office and city officials

Who was exempt from the conscription act

• African Americans (not legal citizens)

Lincoln response to drafts

Ordered federal troops straight from Gettysburg to stop the riots.

What did the NYC Draft riots turn into + what happened

• Racially motivated

• Blacks blamed for the draft and for the civil war

• Homes of free black families set on fire and looted

• Men captured and lynched

What were the 2 questions that had to be answered after the civil war

• How to restore Southern states to the union

• How to integrate 4 mil newly free Blacks into national life