WKU BIO225 ASHLEY EXAM TWO

Characteristics of annelida (Larvae species count)

Trochophore Larvae, 15,00 species

Mrts

Metamerism

Repeated segments in the body plan

Septa

The walls seperating the segments in metamerism individuals.

Advantages of a segmented body plan

parts of the body can be controlled individually

What is at the anterior end of annelids

Prostomium

What is at the posterior end of annelids

pygidium

Where are new segments added during growth in annelids

In fron tof the pygidium

Setae

hair like spikes in annelids

What are setae used for in terrestrial worms

short hard setae can be used to grip sediment

What is setae used for in aquatic worms

longer and flexible, can act as fins for swimming

Digestive system for annelids

Complete

Muscle system in annelids

Longitudinal/circular muscles

Skeleton in annelids

Flexible cuticle secreted by epidermis

Respiration for annelids

diffusion across skin, gills and parapodia are accessory structures

Excretion in annelids

metanephridia

Reproduction in annelids

Monoecious and dioecious, trochophore larvae, budding and frag.

Class oligochaeta common name

earthwormswh

at does oligochaeta mean

few long hairs(setae)

Respiratory structures in oligochatea

no specialized structured, 100% through skin

What must remain moist for oligochatea to oxygenate

cuticle

where do oligochatea go in the event of flood/drought

flood - have to move upwards to surface drought - go deeper in soil

circulatory system in oligachatea

closed, hemoglobin dissolved in blood cells

cirulatory system in oligachatea anatomy

dorsal/ventral vessels and five aortic arches

digestive tract in oligachatea

complete - pharynx(mouth), crop (esophagus/stomach) gizzard (intestine), rectum(anus)

typhlosole

invagination of dorsal surface of digestive tract

Excretory system in oligochaeta

pair of nephridia per segment

nephridia

generalized term for excretory system that empties outside of body

what is protonephridia, and who has it

excretory system with tubes ending at flame cells, platyhelmentheis

metanphridia

excretory system witha. tube that takes in coelmic fluid and release waste outside the body through a nephridiopore

how do terrestrial animals release nitrogenous waste

urea

nervous system in oligochaeta

bilobed brain, ventral nerve cord, and pair of ganglia branch off in each segment - no eyes but simple photo receptors in epidermis

oligochaeta reproduction

monoecious, but cross fertilize (hermaphroditic)

parapodia

paired extensions on each segment used in respiration and locomotino

Class polychaeta, phylum annelid characteristics

well developed head, eyes, jaw and tentacles

Sensory organs in Class polychaeta

statocyst - orientation, nuchal organs - chemo

how does the christmas tree worm feed

filter feeding

how does the planktonic rain feed

deposit feeder

reproduction in Class polychaeta

no permanent sex organs - gonads develop in the wall of coelom and deposit egg/sperm in coelom

Class polychaeta, specialized reproductive organs

atoke - anterior section, epitoke posterior reproductive section

Epitokes

The secondary worm produced posteriorly from the worm

class hirudinidia common name

leeches

how many segments in class hirudinidia

34 segments

characteristics of class hirudinidia

septa between segments lost, sucker at both ends, dorso ventrally flatteed, no setae

class hirudinidia digestive tract

modified for storage of large volumes of blood from host

what do class hirudinidia release in wound when

hirudin

definition of asexual reproduction

production of individuals without gametes

defintion of sexual reproduction

the production of new individuals by the union of gametes usually from two different parents

advantages of asexual reproduction

only need one individual to reproduce, no genetic change - good if environment is stable, all individuals are produced off spring, more egicient at passing on genes

disadvantages of asexual repdocutino

no recombination of genes

types of asexual reprod.

unicellular: fission - mitosis

multicellular organisms: mitosis, budding, gemmulation, frag, parthenogenesis

advantages of sexual reproduction

genetic recombination

disadvantages of sexual reproduction

usually need two parents - must use energy to find, genetic recombination is counter productive if conditions are stable

sequential hermaphroditism

individual changes sex during life

somatic cells

cells taht make up the body of an individual except gametes

gametes

sex cellsge

germ cells

cells that give rise to gametes through the process of meiosis and cytokinesis

accesory sex organs

penis, vaginasy

syngamy

the union of two gametes to form a zygote

gametogenesis

teh process of gamete production

primary sex organs

gonads

spermatogensis

the process that sperm is created

where us sperm found

the lumin of the seminiferous tubules

sertoli cells

Sertoli cells regulate spermatogenesis or the development of sperm cells.

whats in the head of sperm

acrosome, nucleus

whats in midpiece of sperm

mitochondria

whats the tail of sperm

flagellum

oogenesis

formation of ovum occurs in the ovary

path of sperm

testes, epidymis, vas deferns, urethra, cloaca (birds, reptiles)

path of ovum

produced in follicles (released durign ovulation), egg enters oviduct, zygote enters uterus

spermatheca

an organ that stores and releases sperm in female invertebrates and vertebrates. It's also known as the receptaculum semini

ovoviviparous animals

retain fertilized egg internally but provide no additional nutrients to zygote

vivparous animals

those that retain the zygote in the mother who provides nourishment to the developing young

oviparous animals

lay eggs to produce

hormones

moleucles that are produced in one part of the body and stimulate a response in another part of the body

estrus cycle

repoductive cycle of most mammals

menstrual cycle

repoductive cycle found in monkey apes and humans

what does the pituitary gland produce

FSH, luteiniing hormone

what does the ovary produce

estrogen

what is HCG

human chorionic gonadortropin - hormone produced by the developing embryo

rotifera meaning

roto- wheel

rotifer characteristics

mostly freshwater, few marine, lophotrochozoan protosomes, trochophore larvae

corona

cilitaed structure on anterior end for generating water currents, feeding and locomotion

lorica

protective plates or rings from fiberous layer in epidermis

nervous system in rotifer

bilobed brain, cephalizaed

rotifer reproduction

both asexual and sexual, parthogensis

when conditions worsen what do female rotifers do

produce haploid mictic eggs

what does nematode mean

thread like

neamatode characteristscs

pseudocoelom, density of billions per acre

ecdysozoan protosomes…

molt as they grow

ascaris lumbricoides

large roundworms of humans

cuticle

non-cellular, secreted hypodermis (epidermis), longitudinal muscles are used to make the body wiggle for locomotion

sexual dimorphism - nematoda

copulatory spicules sperm have no flaellum - ameboid movement

nematode reproduction

spicule holds open volva to allow sperm to enter, females release 200,000 eggs per day

nematode examples

hookworm enters through skin and migrate to intestine // trichinella spiralis - enter through undercooked pork, incysing muscle // pinwork - most common nematode parasite, females migrate at night and lay eggs around anus (tape test) // filarial worms - infect lymphatic system associated with swelling of extremeties

arthopoda meaning

jointed foot

arthopod characteristics

metamerism/septa have been lost, much specialization of segments(contrast to annelids)

tagmosis

the fusion of segments to form a larger specialized body sections

three sections of arthopods

head - thorax - adbomen

arthopod head usage

appendages used as sensory and feeding structure