CSD FINAL

CSD

Speech Motor Control

control over the muscular coordination involved in producing speech

Motor speech disorder is an impairment of speech production caused by defects of the

motor control system and neuromuscular system

Motor control system deals with

planning and programming

The neuromuscular system deals with

execution

Two major categories of motor speech disorders

apraxia and dysarthria

4 systems of speech production

respiratory, phonatory, resonatory, articulatory

4 key structures of speech production

Lungs, larynx, pharynx, oral cavity

Muscles and articulators of speech production

respiratory muscles, vocal folds, velum and pharynx, jaw lips and tongue

Speech production requires ___to produce sound.

airflow

English uses __ airflow

outgoing

Respiratory system........ by using various muscle groups

creates airflow by pushing air out of the lungs through the trachea

Passive breathing ratio 1:1

1:1

Speech production ratios

1:6 to 1:9

One major source of sound is the ....... that sit within the larynx.

vibration of the vocal folds

phonatory system

regulates the production of voice and prosody of speech

/m/, /b/, and /z/, and vowels like /a/, /i/, /u/ are...

voiced sounds

/p/, /s/, and /sh/. are

voiceless sounds

Resonance refers to the effect of the ..... on sound quality.

shape and size of the vocal tract

Velopharyngeal port (VP)

the opening between the velum (the soft palate) and the back of the pharynx wall

When vp is open (up) ____ are used

nasals

when vp is closed (down) __ are used

oral

The Articulatory system ....

regulates the control of the articulators within the oral cavity to manipulate the outgoing airflow

major articulators

tongue, lips, jaw,

tongue sections

apex or tip, blade or front, center, dorsum

Consonants are speech sounds that involve a constriction in the vocal tract .. ex

/P/, /Z/, /f/, /t/.

Vowels are speech sounds that involve relatively little or no constriction of the vocal tract.., ex

/a/, /i/, /u/, /o/

Acquired motor speech disorders Results from

damage to the nervous system

acquired motor speech disorders can be caused by

brain tumors, tbis, PD, strokes, cerebrovascular accidents

Developmental motor speech disorders Results from

abnormal development of the nervous system or from damage to the nervous system in its early development

developmental motor speech disorders can be caused by

cerebral palsy, tbis, brain tumors, cerebrovascular accidents, or genetic syndromes

Motor planning and programming disorders are caused by

an inability to group and sequence the relevant muscles in order to plan or program a movement.

motor execution disorders are Caused by

low muscle tone, movement speed, and movement range

Acquired Apraxia

impairment of motor programming and planning inability to transform an idea into the appropriate coordinated movements of the articulators difficulty with the initiation of speech. No problem with the muscular system of articulators.

Acquired Apraxia Causes and risk factors:

Neurological damage like stroke, TBI, and infections.

Childhood Apraxia of Speech (CAS)

Difficulty in planning, programming, and executing speech movements. Unable to learn new motor behaviors.

Symptoms are the same as those of AOS (effortful and slow speech, reduced prosody).

Causes and risk factors:

The causes of CAS are not well understood.

Acquired Dysarthria-

an impairment of the execution of speech movements.

acquired dysarthria

Problem with muscle tone and strength, movement speed, range, and coordination.

acquired dysarthria also has....

No problem with motor programming and planning.

Spastic Dysarthria

Increased muscle tone (hypertonicity), weakness, and reduced speed and range of movement

Flaccid Dysarthria

Decreased muscle tone (hypotonicity), weakness, and reduced speed and range of movement

Hypokinetic Dysarthria

Bradykinesia (slowness of movement, rigidity (increased muscle tone)

Hyperkinetic Dysarthria.

Variable muscle tone, involuntary movements

The most commonly used method for evaluating motor speech disorders. Perceptual judgments of the intelligibility, accuracy, and speed of speech.

Perceptual measurement

Visual representation of speech sounds (using software like Praat). Provides a more detailed examination of speech abnormalities.

Acoustic measures

Physiological measures

Provides information about muscle strength, endurance, and airflow.

t or f; Motor speech disorders rarely result from isolated impairment of the respiratory system.

true

symptoms of respiration in motor speech disorders

short phrasing, Reduced syllable repetitions Decreased speech rate Uncontrolled phonation

Phonation is sometimes impaired because of the ...

abnormal strength or control of the muscles in the larynx.

Symptoms of phonation in motor speech disorders

reduced loudness Reduced pitch range Breathy voice

Articulation

When examining the articulatory system, the clinician studies the stability of speech errors under different circumstances.

If a motor speech disorder is the result of a basic physiological malfunction of the articulatory system, as in muscle paralysis in some dysarthrias, speech errors are more ...... across repetitions, contexts, and tasks.

consistent

In contrast, if the motor speech disorder results from a malfunction in the coordination or planning and programming of speech (as in apraxia of speech), errors may be more _____ across repetitions, contexts, and tasks.

variable

Differential diagnosis

A diagnosis that differentiates a person's disorder from other similar disorders

Differential diagnosis in motor speech disorders is important because the type of treatment depends on the nature of the disorder, and what may be effective for one disorder may not be effective for another.

The most influential client characteristics for motor speech treatment:

Memory, Attention, Motivation

Treatment of the phonatory system may focus on

Improving voice quality Postural adjustments

Resonatory system treatment is focused on improving the velum's function.

The clinician provides feedback, including modeling the target or using a diagram with a possible articulatory configuration, to guide improved articulation.

Pediatric Hearing Loss is a condition in which a child or adolescent is ....

unable to detect or distinguish the range of sounds normally available to the human ear.

Auditory processing disorder (APDs):

resulting from damage to the processing centers of the brain.

Hearing loss can result from damage to the structures of the

outer middle and inner ear

Hearing loss varies in whether it affects both ears (bilateral)

or only one ear (unilateral)

threshold of hearing

The quietest sound that can be picked up by the ear.

respiratory system

creates airflow by pushing air out of lungs

passive breathing ratio

1 to 1

speech production ratio

1 to 6

phonatory system

regulates the production of voicing

voiced sounds

vocal folds are together and vibrate

voiceless sounds

produced without vocal fold vibration

Resonance

shape and size of vocal tract

velopharyngeal port

opening between the velum and the pharynx

when the velopharyngeal port is open you get..

nasal sounds

when the velopharyngeal port is closed you get..

oral sounds (regular)

Articulatory system

controls articulators to manipulate outgoing airflow

Consonants involve

constriction to the vocal tract

Vowels involve

no constriction of vocal tract

acquired motor speech disorders due to damage to the

nervous system

Causes of acquired motor speech disorders

CVAS or strokes, parkingsons disease, brain tumors, and tbis

development motor speech disorders is when

abnormal development of speech system, or damage to NS early on

development motor speech disorders causes

cerebral palsy, tbi, brain tumors, cvas

Motor Planning and Programming is

apraxia

motor execution disorder (hard to move bc of muscles)

dysarthria

Acquired Apraxia of Speech

problems with initiating speech due to articulators

Is there a problem with muscles in acquired apraxia?

no

Risk factors to acquired speech

neurological damage, TBI's, Infections

Childhood Apraxia of Speech

problems with planning, programming, and execution

children with apraxia cannot learn...

new motor behaviors

Risks for childhood apraxia..

not known

Within Acquired Dysarthria there are problems with...

muscle tone, strength, coordination and range

Spastic Dysarthria

Increased tone of muscles

Spastic Dysarthria is also known as

hypertonicity

Flaccid Dysarthria

decreased muscle tone

Flaccid Dysarthria is also known as

hypotonicity

Hypokinetic Dysarthria

bradykinesia, slow movement

Hyperkinetic Dysarthria

involuntary movements

most common type of measurement method for motor speech disorders is

perceptual

Comprehensive motor speech disorder evaluations should include assesments on

respiration, phonation, resonation, articulation