Studied by 0 people
what does the endocrine system use to send signals
hormones
which system uses electrical signals
nervous system
why does the nervous system use electrical signals
provides responses to stimuli
the basic unit of the nervous system is
the neuron
the central nervous system is nothing but the _ and the _.
the brain and the spinal cord
the nerves coming out of the spinal cord are considered part of the CNS or the PNS
the PNS: Peripheral Nervous System
True or False: the optic nerves coming out of the brain are part of the Peripheral Nervous System
True
The Peripheral Nervous System consists of all of the nerves outside of the _ and the _ .
the brain and the spinal cord
the peripheral nervous system delivers sensory information to the _ and carries _ commands to the peripheral tissue and systems
central nervous system; motor
True or False: Bundles of axons, or nerve fibers, carry sensory information and motor commands in the PNS
True
Special sensory receptors
provide sensations of smell, taste, vision, balance and hearing, and touch
somatic sensory receptors
monitor skeletal muscles
visceral sensory receptors
monitor internal organs
True or False: Afferent takes information towards the brain or spinal cord
true
what is an example of an afferent division giving information to the CNS
a finger touching a hot surface and sending signals to the brain
function of the Afferent division
bring sensory information from receptors to the central nervous system
True or false: the axons of the afferent and efferent nerves look the same. To know the difference, a person must be alive to follow the directions of the signals
true
A _ nerve and an afferent nerve are the same
sensory
A _ and an efferent nerve are the same
motor
efferent nerves take information _ from the CNS
away
example of an efferent division sending information away from the CNS
the brain sending the signal to remove the finger from the hot surface; jumping out
Afferent is to _ as efferent is to _
feeling/sensing; moving
autonomic nervous system rarely happens and a person _ control it
cannot
True or False: the somatic nervous system can be controlled
false
what is an example of the somatic nervous system being used?
picking up a marker; a person thinks about it, a signal is sent to the brain, the marker is then picked up
the autonomic nervous system is also called the _
fight or flight nervous system
what nervous system turns on only for emergencies?
sympathetic
which division of the autonomic nervous system slows down the smooth muscles, cardiac muscles, and glands?
parasympathetic nervous system
True or False: the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system speeds up a person’s heart rate, respiratory rate, etc.
true
the _ division kicks in when someone is stressed, scared, etc.
sympathetic
function of a dendrite
taking information into the nerve cell
the more dendrites
the more sensitive the cell is
function of an axon
takes information away from the nerve cell
what is the fancy name for the Rough ER
Nissl Bodies
function of a Nissl Body
making neurotransmitters
what neurotransmitters are for muscles
acetylcholine
axon hillock
connection between the cell body and the axon
synapse
site of intercellular communication
function of synapse
neurotransmitters released from synaptic knob of presynaptic neuron
why can’t anaxonic cell send signals
they do not have an axon
what does “anaxonic” mean
without an axon
multipolar neurons
many dendrites
unipolar neurons has _
one continuous axon
bipolar neurons
many synaptic terminals
where is the cell body located in a multipolar neuron
at the start; dendrites send the information to the cell body
what is the difference between a multipolar neuron and a unipolar neuron
the cell body in a bipolar neuron is in the middle
multipolar neurons are found in the:
central nervous system
where can unipolar neurons be found?
in the peripheral nervous system
function of unipolar neurons
for pain
where are the bipolar neurons specialized?
eye/retina
what is the refractory period
a time when a cell cannot be re-stimulated
what is depolarization
make the cell less negative
what happens during depolarization
opening of voltage gated Na+ channels
what is repolarization
making cell negative again
what happens during repolarization
voltage gated K+ ion channels are open and voltage gated Na+ channels are closed
what is hyperpolarization
more negative than -70 mv
in a synapse, what can the post-synaptic terminal be?
a muscle, a gland, or another nerve
a post-synaptic terminal is resting when _ have not traveled and are still in the pre-synaptic terminal
neurotransmitters
Is C1 in the PNS or the CNS
peripheral nervous system
how many spinal nerves are there in total
31
the cervical and lumbar enlargements are for the _.
limbs
where are afferent nerves found on the spinal cord?
on the dorsal root site
where are efferent nerves found on the spinal cord?
on the ventral root side
what are dermatomes
place in the skin where each of the spinal nerves connect to
what nerves make up the cervical plexus?
C1, C2, C3, C4, C5
what nerves makeup the brachial plexus?
C5, C6, C7, C8, T1
True or false: no plexus are needed from T2 through T11, nor CO1
True
what nerves makeup the lumbar plexus?
T12, L1, L2, L3, L4
what nerves makeup the sacral plexus?
L4, L5, S1, S2, S3, S4, S5
important cervical plexus nerve
phrenic nerve- goes to diaphragm and causes breathing
important brachial plexus nerve:
redial (thumb) and ulnar (pinky) nerve
important lumbar plexus nerve
femural nerve (thigh)
important sacral nerve
sciatic nerve
what is happens first at the reflex arc
stimulus at a receptor, activation of a sensory neuron, information processing in CNS
what happens last at the reflex arc
activation of a motor (efferent) neuron, response by effector
what are the 6 regions of the adult brain?
cerebrum, diencephalon, mesencephalon, pons, cerebellum, medulla oblongata
in order to see the diencephalon, a _ must be made to the brain
transverse
in order to see the mesencephalon, a _ must be made to the brain
midsagittal
into how many lobes does the cerebrum divide
4
what are the four lobes in the cerebrum
frontal, occipital, pariental, temporal
what does the cerebrum take care of
emotions, movement, senses, memory, reasoning
function of the cerebellum
keep a person standing, posture, and repetitive behavior
functions of the medulla oblongata
basic life support; heart rate and respiratory rate
what is the last part of the brain that dies under oxygen restriction?
medulla oblongata
what separates the two cerebral hemispheres?
longitudinal fissure
what are the high parts of the brain called?
gyrus
what are the low parts of the brain called?
suculus
precentral gyrus
motor (going out)
postcentral gyrus
sensory (coming in)
functions of the central sulcus
separates parietal lobe from the frontal lobe, and separates the postcentral gyrus and precentral gyrus
functions of the lateral sulcus
taste and speech
lateral sulcus is for
taste and speech
what does the parietal-occipital sulcus do?
separates the parietal lobe from the occipital lobe
the ventricles of the brain are filled with:
cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
how many ventricles does the brain have?
4
from the 4 ventricles in the brain, how many are lateral?
2
the lateral ventricles connect with the _
third ventricle
where is the fourth ventricle found?
medulla oblongata
what are the arteries that take blood to the brain?
2 carotid arteries and 2 vertebral arteries
the cerebellum keeps a person’s _
posture
Note 
Flashcard (93)