A&P1 Ch. 11, 12, 13

what does the endocrine system use to send signals

hormones

which system uses electrical signals

nervous system

why does the nervous system use electrical signals

provides responses to stimuli

the basic unit of the nervous system is

the neuron

the central nervous system is nothing but the _ and the _.

the brain and the spinal cord

the nerves coming out of the spinal cord are considered part of the CNS or the PNS

the PNS: Peripheral Nervous System

True or False: the optic nerves coming out of the brain are part of the Peripheral Nervous System

True

The Peripheral Nervous System consists of all of the nerves outside of the _ and the _ .

the brain and the spinal cord

the peripheral nervous system delivers sensory information to the _ and carries _ commands to the peripheral tissue and systems

central nervous system; motor

True or False: Bundles of axons, or nerve fibers, carry sensory information and motor commands in the PNS

True

Special sensory receptors

provide sensations of smell, taste, vision, balance and hearing, and touch

somatic sensory receptors

monitor skeletal muscles

visceral sensory receptors

monitor internal organs

True or False: Afferent takes information towards the brain or spinal cord

true

what is an example of an afferent division giving information to the CNS

a finger touching a hot surface and sending signals to the brain

function of the Afferent division

bring sensory information from receptors to the central nervous system

True or false: the axons of the afferent and efferent nerves look the same. To know the difference, a person must be alive to follow the directions of the signals

true

A _ nerve and an afferent nerve are the same

sensory

A _ and an efferent nerve are the same

motor

efferent nerves take information _ from the CNS

away

example of an efferent division sending information away from the CNS

the brain sending the signal to remove the finger from the hot surface; jumping out

Afferent is to _ as efferent is to _

feeling/sensing; moving

autonomic nervous system rarely happens and a person _ control it

cannot

True or False: the somatic nervous system can be controlled

false

what is an example of the somatic nervous system being used?

picking up a marker; a person thinks about it, a signal is sent to the brain, the marker is then picked up

the autonomic nervous system is also called the _

fight or flight nervous system

what nervous system turns on only for emergencies?

sympathetic

which division of the autonomic nervous system slows down the smooth muscles, cardiac muscles, and glands?

parasympathetic nervous system

True or False: the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system speeds up a person’s heart rate, respiratory rate, etc.

true

the _ division kicks in when someone is stressed, scared, etc.

sympathetic

function of a dendrite

taking information into the nerve cell

the more dendrites

the more sensitive the cell is

function of an axon

takes information away from the nerve cell

what is the fancy name for the Rough ER

Nissl Bodies

function of a Nissl Body

making neurotransmitters

what neurotransmitters are for muscles

acetylcholine

axon hillock

connection between the cell body and the axon

synapse

site of intercellular communication

function of synapse

neurotransmitters released from synaptic knob of presynaptic neuron

why can’t anaxonic cell send signals

they do not have an axon

what does “anaxonic” mean

without an axon

multipolar neurons

many dendrites

unipolar neurons has _

one continuous axon

bipolar neurons

many synaptic terminals

where is the cell body located in a multipolar neuron

at the start; dendrites send the information to the cell body

what is the difference between a multipolar neuron and a unipolar neuron

the cell body in a bipolar neuron is in the middle

multipolar neurons are found in the:

central nervous system

where can unipolar neurons be found?

in the peripheral nervous system

function of unipolar neurons

for pain

where are the bipolar neurons specialized?

eye/retina

what is the refractory period

a time when a cell cannot be re-stimulated

what is depolarization

make the cell less negative

what happens during depolarization

opening of voltage gated Na+ channels

what is repolarization

making cell negative again

what happens during repolarization

voltage gated K+ ion channels are open and voltage gated Na+ channels are closed

what is hyperpolarization

more negative than -70 mv

in a synapse, what can the post-synaptic terminal be?

a muscle, a gland, or another nerve

a post-synaptic terminal is resting when _ have not traveled and are still in the pre-synaptic terminal

neurotransmitters

Is C1 in the PNS or the CNS

peripheral nervous system

how many spinal nerves are there in total

31

the cervical and lumbar enlargements are for the _.

limbs

where are afferent nerves found on the spinal cord?

on the dorsal root site

where are efferent nerves found on the spinal cord?

on the ventral root side

what are dermatomes

place in the skin where each of the spinal nerves connect to

what nerves make up the cervical plexus?

C1, C2, C3, C4, C5

what nerves makeup the brachial plexus?

C5, C6, C7, C8, T1

True or false: no plexus are needed from T2 through T11, nor CO1

True

what nerves makeup the lumbar plexus?

T12, L1, L2, L3, L4

what nerves makeup the sacral plexus?

L4, L5, S1, S2, S3, S4, S5

important cervical plexus nerve

phrenic nerve- goes to diaphragm and causes breathing

important brachial plexus nerve:

redial (thumb) and ulnar (pinky) nerve

important lumbar plexus nerve

femural nerve (thigh)

important sacral nerve

sciatic nerve

what is happens first at the reflex arc

stimulus at a receptor, activation of a sensory neuron, information processing in CNS

what happens last at the reflex arc

activation of a motor (efferent) neuron, response by effector

what are the 6 regions of the adult brain?

cerebrum, diencephalon, mesencephalon, pons, cerebellum, medulla oblongata

in order to see the diencephalon, a _ must be made to the brain

transverse

in order to see the mesencephalon, a _ must be made to the brain

midsagittal

into how many lobes does the cerebrum divide

4

what are the four lobes in the cerebrum

frontal, occipital, pariental, temporal

what does the cerebrum take care of

emotions, movement, senses, memory, reasoning

function of the cerebellum

keep a person standing, posture, and repetitive behavior

functions of the medulla oblongata

basic life support; heart rate and respiratory rate

what is the last part of the brain that dies under oxygen restriction?

medulla oblongata

what separates the two cerebral hemispheres?

longitudinal fissure

what are the high parts of the brain called?

gyrus

what are the low parts of the brain called?

suculus

precentral gyrus

motor (going out)

postcentral gyrus

sensory (coming in)

functions of the central sulcus

separates parietal lobe from the frontal lobe, and separates the postcentral gyrus and precentral gyrus

functions of the lateral sulcus

taste and speech

lateral sulcus is for

taste and speech

what does the parietal-occipital sulcus do?

separates the parietal lobe from the occipital lobe

the ventricles of the brain are filled with:

cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

how many ventricles does the brain have?

4

from the 4 ventricles in the brain, how many are lateral?

2

the lateral ventricles connect with the _

third ventricle

where is the fourth ventricle found?

medulla oblongata

what are the arteries that take blood to the brain?

2 carotid arteries and 2 vertebral arteries

the cerebellum keeps a person’s _

posture