Exam 2

Plantae (LO 10.1)

A monophyletic group with cellulose cell walls that are photosynthetic, using chlorophylls a and b.

Cuticle (LO 10.3)

A waxy protective layer covering leaves and surfaces to prevent water loss.

Xylem (LO 11.1)

Vascular tissue that transports water and minerals in vascular plants “tracheophytes”

Phloem (LO 11.1)

Vascular tissue that transports sugars, primarily sucrose in vascular plants “tracheophytes”

Nonvascular plants (LO 11.1)

Small, simple plants that lack vascular tissue, require moist environments for growth. They exhibit a dominant gametophyte generation, with short-lived sporophytes that depend on gametophytes for nutrition and are homosporous.

Liverworts (LO 11.1)

In the phylum Marchantiophyta. They have lobed and leafy types, have gemmae cups for asexual reproduction, and lack true stomata and cuticle.

True Mosses (LO 11.1)

In the phylum Bryophyta, the most abundant nonvascular group with over 10,000 species, stomata present in sporophyte, meristem present in sporophyte.

True ferns (LO 11.1)

In the phylum Monilophyta. They are characterized by megaphylls (large leaves) young fiddleheads that uncoil to protect the tips of developing leaves, and an underground stem, termed a rhizome for asexual reproduction.

Club mosses (LO 11.1)

In the phylum Lycophyta, small-leaved plants with strobili (cones) of sporangia in many species, flagellated sperm that require water for fertilization.

Heterosporous lifecycle (LO 11.1)

Lifecycle involving two types of spores, microspores and megaspores, found in some lycophytes.

Ecological roles of plants (LO 10.1)

Plants role in producing oxygen, cycling carbon, primary production, and maintaining soil structure.

Economic roles of plants (LO 10.1)

Plants provide food, clothes, shelter/furniture, medicine, fuels, and many other products.

Plant phylogeny (LO 10.2)

Plants evolved from a green algal ancestor, especially the charophytes.

Key traits of land plants (LO 10.2)

Alternation of generations, sporopollenin in spore walls, multicellular dependent embryos, multicellular gametangia, and apical meristems.

Embryophytes (LO 10.2)

Land plants where the embryos are protected and fed by the parent.

Four major groups of plants (LO 10.2)

non-vascular plants, seedless vascular plants, gymnosperms, and angiosperms.

Stomata (LO 10.3)

Pores that allow gas exchange (CO2 in, O2 out), with guard cells controlling their opening and closure.

Vascular tissue (LO 10.3)

Tissue that facilitates efficient fluid transport in plants, allowing them to grow larger.

Lignin (LO 10.3)

A substance providing rigid structural support within vascular tissue, enabling plants to stand against gravity.

Flowers (LO 10.3)

Reproductive structures that attract pollinators, enhancing efficient pollination and outcrossing.

Fruit (LO 10.3)

Mature ovary of a flower that protects and helps disperse seeds

Dominant Gametophyte Generation (LO 11.1)

The generation in nonvascular plants that is dominant in the life cycle, responsible for producing gametes.

Sporophyte (LO 11.1)

In nonvascular plants, a short-lived structure that depends on the gametophyte, consisting of a foot, seta, and capsule.

Gametangia (LO 11.1)

Structures on gametophytes where archegonia produce eggs and antheridia produce sperm.

Flagellated Sperm (LO 11.1)

Sperm type in nonvascular plants that require water to reach the egg for fertilization.

Homosporous (LO 11.1)

A reproductive strategy in nonvascular plants that produces a single type of spore.

Horsetails (LO 11.1)

in the phylum Monilophyta. A whorled vegetative shoot with silica. Stalk with cone “strobilus" of sporangia producing spores for reproduction.

Whisk ferns (LO 11.1)

in the phylum Monilophyta. A type of nonvascular plant characterized by dichotomously branching stems and lacking true leaves or roots, often found in moist environments. Stems conduct photosynthesis and rely on symbiotic fungi for nutrients, with sporangia located in the nodes of the stems.

Spores (LO 12.1)

Produced in sporangia and protected by sporopollenin.

Seed plants (LO 12.1)

Gymnosperms and angiosperms, all have reduced gametophytes, heterosporous, seeds, ovules, and pollen.

Seeds (LO 12.1)

Have 2n embryo, stored food, coat, and protect the embryo and allow them to disperse to new habitats.

Ovules (LO 12.1)

Female megasporangium (megaspore) surrounded by integument, develop into seeds following fertilization.

Pollen (LO 12.1)

Male gametophytes surrounded by protective coat, transfer to megaspore, and is resistant to drying, eliminating dependence on water for fertilization.

Angiosperms (LO 12.1)

Ovules enclosed within ovaries, seeds enclosed within fruits, flowering plants.

Gymnosperms (LO 12.2)

Ovules not enclosed within ovaries, exposed 'naked' seeds, often have strobili or modified strobili.

Cycads (LO 12.2)

Phylum Cycadophyta, thrive in mild climates, have large compound leaves, bear strobili.

Conifers (LO 12.2)

Phylum Coniferophyta, dominant phylum of gymnosperms with the greatest and tallest variety of species, contain scale or needle-like leaves and produce cones.

Conifer life cycle (LO 12.3)

Seeds develop in strobili, female (ovulate) cones contain ovules, males (staminate) cones are relatively small, and produce pollen.

Phylum Anthophyta (LO 13.1)

Includes basal angiosperms, monocots, and eudicots. The largest modern plant group with diverse habitats, sizes, structures, including all major food crops, medicines, clothing, and aromatics.

Sepals (LO 13.1)

Collectively called the calyx, these structures surround and protect the flower bud.

Petals (LO 13.1)

Also known as the corolla, these structures attract pollinators and protect reproductive parts.

Perianth (LO 13.1)

Formed from the corolla and calyx.

Stamen (LO 13.1)

The male structure of a flower, which includes the filament and anther that produces pollen.

Carpel/Pistil (LO 13.1)

The female structure of a flower, consisting of the stigma, style, and ovary.

Stigma (LO 13.1)

The part of the carpel where pollen lands.

Pollination (LO 13.1)

The transfer of pollen from stamen to carpel, which can be facilitated by wind and animals; ~20% of angiosperms are wind pollinated, while more than 80% depend on pollinators.

Monocots (LO 13.1)

Angiosperms with one cotyledon; approximately 90,000 species.

Dicots (LO 13.1)

Angiosperms with two cotyledons; approximately 200,000 species.

Cotyledon (LO 13.1)

Embryonic (seed) leaves.

Microsporangium (LO 13.2)

Located in the anther, it produces via meiosis and develops into multicellular male gametophytes that include a generative cell (produces sperm) and a pollen tube cell.

Megasporangium (LO 13.2)

In the ovule, it produces via meiosis; one becomes functional and develops into a female gametophyte, which includes the egg and central cell with two polar nuclei.

Following fertilization (LO 13.3)

In angiosperms, the ovules become seeds, and the ovary becomes fruit.

Roots (LO 14.1)

Anchorage, absorption of water and nutrients, storage, interaction with soil fungi and bacteria.

Root modifications (LO 14.1)

Aerial and above ground roots, storage roots, and pneumatophores.

Stems (LO 14.1)

Part of the shoot system that may be above or below ground, can be herbaceous or woody, and supports the plant while holding leaves, flowers, and buds.

Nodes (LO 14.1)

The points on a stem where leaves are attached.

Internode (LO 14.1)

The stem region between two nodes.

Petiole (LO 14.1)

The part of the leaf that connects to the stem.

Leaves (LO 14.1)

Conduct photosynthesis and include structures like the blade, lamina, tip, midrib, margin, vein, lamina, and petiole.

Meristem (LO 14.2)

Tissues that produce plant tissues, are undifferentiated, retained throughout life, and allow for intermediate growth.

Apical meristems (LO 14.2)

Found at the tips of roots and stems and in axillary buds; responsible for producing growth in length.

Primary growth (LO 14.2)

The process that produces three major tissue types in plants.

Epidermal/dermal tissue (LO 14.2)

A primary growth tissue type that provides covering and protection.

Ground tissue (LO 14.2)

A primary growth tissue type that provides photosynthesis, storage, and support.

Vascular tissue (LO 14.2)

A primary growth tissue type that provides water and nutrient transport and support.

Epidermis (LO 14.2)

The outer layer(s) of cells that surrounds all parts of plants.

Periderm (LO 14.2)

Replaces epidermal tissue in roots, stems, and woody plants.

Epidermal structures (LO 14.2)

Includes stomata/guard cells, cuticle, root hairs, and trichomes.

Collenchyma (LO 14.2)

A type of tissue with thick primary cell walls (cellulose) that provides flexible support for growing stems.

Sclerenchyma (LO 14.2)

A tissue with thick, hardened secondary cell walls containing lignin.

Sieve tube elements (LO 14.2)

Cells that form tubes for sugar transport, with contents that disintegrate at maturity.

Companion cells (LO 14.2)

Cells that assist with loading and unloading sugars.

Secondary growth (LO 14.2)

Growth that increases the width of roots and shoots, produced from lateral meristems (cambiums).

Vascular cambium (LO 14.2)

A thin layer between xylem and phloem that adds secondary xylem and secondary phloem.

Wood (LO 14.2)

Secondary xylem that accumulates over time, providing structural support and increasing width.

Bark (LO 14.2)

Composed of cork and secondary phloem.

Fibrous Roots (LO 14.1)

Thin, branching roots that absorb food. Grows from stem

Taproots (LO 14.1)

Thick, lateral roots that store food. Grows from root.

Root Tip Zones (LO 14.1)

Zones of cell division, elongation, and maturation.

Root Structure (LO 14.1)

Includes root cap, epidermis, cortex, and vascular tissue.

Rhizome (LO 14.1)

Horizontal underground stem.

Tuber (LO 14.1)

Enlarged rhizome that stores food.

Trichomes (LO 14.2)

Specialized plant structures that deter herbivores, protect against UV light, and reduce water loss.

Parenchyma (LO 14.2)

The most abundant ground tissue in plants that conducts photosynthesis and stores sugars and starches, characterized by a thin primary cell wall of cellulose.

Osmolarity (LO 15.1)

Solute concentration in a solution.

Fluid movement (LO 15.1)

Fluids move from higher to lower pressure; positive pressure pushes water, negative pressure pulls water.

Water transport (LO 15.1)

A passive process in plants; water absorbed at the roots travels up through stems to leaves, where it evaporates.

Osmosis (LO 15.1)

The process of water entering roots; water is pulled upwards in the xylem by negative pressure due to transpiration.

Cohesion (LO 15.1)

The joining together of water molecules in the xylem, due to hydrogen bonds.

Tension (LO 15.1)

The pulling force generated as water evaporates from leaf surfaces, pulling more water molecules in the xylem.

Transpiration (LO 15.1)

Evaporation of water from stomata.

Xerophytes (LO 15.1)

Plants adapted to very dry climates.

Epiphytes (LO 15.1)

Plants that grow on other plants.

Mesophytes (LO 15.1)

Plants that live in moderately watered habitats.

Hydrophytes (LO 15.1)

Aquatic plants.

Translocation (LO 15.3)

Movement of sugars within the plant.

Sources (LO 15.3)

Photosynthetic tissue or storage tissue where sugars enter the phloem.

Sinks (LO 15.3)

Non-photosynthetic tissue or actively growing tissues/organs where sugars leave the phloem.

Sucrose loading (LO 15.3)

The process that depends on ATP to load sucrose into phloem.

Pressure-flow hypothesis (LO 15.3)

Hypothesis explaining that as water flows through phloem from sources to sinks, sugars are carried along by bulk flow.