Discovery to Jacksonian Democracy Questions

Which of the following events occurred about 10,000 years ago and largely shaped the present North American landscape?
a. Last retreat of the Great Ice Age glaciers
b. Arrival of the first human settlers
c. Meteorological catastrophe that killed the dinosaurs
d. Shifting of the earth's tectonic plates that once united the Americas and Africa

a

The most persuasive theory regarding the origins of American Indians is that they originally came from which of the following parts of the globe?
a. Europe
b. The South Pacific islands
c. Siberia
d. Africa

c - They thought they crossed the ocean during the Ige Age.

Which of the following groups established the largest, most powerful Indian confederacy during the sixteenth century in what is now the United States?
a. Iroquois
b. Pueblos
c. Anasazi
d. Inca

a - Group of 5 nation tribes formed a political alliance in the 16th century, Iroquois Confederacy.

For centuries prior to their arrival in the New World, Europeans spent a great deal of time and resources trying to find an easy trade route to which of the following places?
a. The Middle East
b. Asia
c. Vinland
d. Newfoundland

b - Europeans were eager to get acess to silk, perfume, sugar, spice, and drugs(medical pruposes). Columbus thought he found it when he landed in waht he called the "Indies" in 1942.

The Portuguese sugar plantations in the Atlantic islands gave rise to which of the following trades that fundamentally shaped the New World?
a. Slave
b. Silk
c. Spice
d. Drug

a - Sugar plantations required a huge labor forced fulfilled by African slaves.

True or False: Columbus arrived in the New World just before the dawn of the Renaissance.

False - Johannes Gutenberg invented the printing press around 1450 & Columbus arrived in the Bahamas in October, 1492. Printing press allowed for wider dissemination of scientific knowledge (helped European exploration.

Which of the following is the term used to refer to the transfer of goods, crops, and diseases between New and Old World societies after 1492?
a. The Treaty of Tordesillas
b. Capitalism
c. The Columbian exchange
d. Encomienda

c - Brought together flora, fauna, peoples, ideas, material goods, food, 7 diseases from 4 continents (Europe, African, North and South America) by the Atlantic Ocean.

Which of the following systems did Bartolome de las Casas refer to as "a moral pestilence invented by Satan"?
a. The intermarriage of Indians and Spaniards
b. The Columbian exchange
c. African slavery
d. Encomienda

d - Spanish missonary Casas referred to the Spanish govt's policy to "commend" Indians to certain colonists in return for the promise to Christianize them as the Satan thing.

The event known as noche triste refers to which of the following pivotal events?
a. The day that Don Juan de Onate invaded the pueblo peoples in present-day New Mexico
b. The night that Bartolome de las Casas sailed back to Spain from the New World
c. The night that Cortes attacked the Aztec capital of Tenochtitlan
d. The day that Spain and Portugal signed the Treaty of Tordesillas

c - June 30, 1520, when Aztecs and the forces of Hernan Cortes fought in the Aztec capital, Tenochtitlan, killing hundreds. Cortes laid siege to the city, precipitating the fall of the Aztec empire and inaugurating 3 centuries of Spanish rule in Aug, 1521.

Which of the following events allowed the French to focus on exploration in the New World?
a. The St. Bartholomew's Day massacre
b. The discovery of Canada by Jacques Cartier
c. The settlement of a colony along the St. Lawrence River
d. The French Crown issuing the Edict of Nantes
e. The coronation of King Louis XIV

d - French monarchs focused on foreign wars & domestic strife(religious clashes between Roman Catholics & Protestant Huguenots). But in 1598, the French Crown issued the Edict of Nantes, granting limited toleration to French Protestants. Religious wars ended, & in 1600s the French cud focus on colonization in the New World.

Which of the following was not a reason for French expansion in North America?
a. Fur trade
b. Religious wars
c. Empire building
d. Missionary work
e. Prevention of other European settlement

b - Colorful coureurs de boistrapped beavers for hats to sell to the wealthy in Europe. French Catholic missionaries labored to save Native Americans for Christ and from the influence of the fur trappers. They sought to expand the French empire while preventing other European powers(Spanish and English) from settling new territory.

How were the Spanish colonies of Florida and New Mexico different than from Spain's established colonies of the Caribbean and Central America?
a. They served primarily economic purposes.
b. They contributed revenue to the Spanish treasury.
c. They were centers of missionary work.
d. They were sources of precious metals.
e. They were seen as gateways to North America.

c - They actually cost the Spanish treasury money, rather than contribute to it.

Which of the following events is most closely related to a movement to make changes within the Catholic Church?
a. Coronation of Queen Elizabeth I
b. Protestant Reformation
c. Beheading of Charles I
d. Restoration of Charles II
e. Creation of the Virginia Company

b - 16th century movement to reform Catholic Church was Protestant Reformation. Reformers questioned the authority of the pope, sought to eliminate the selling of indulgences, & encouraged the translation of the Bible from Latin. The Reformation was launched in England in 1530s when King Henry VIII broke with the Roman Catholic Church.

Which of the following settlements is known as the "lost colony"?
a. South Carolina
b. Maryland
c. Roanoke Island
d. Georgia
e. Jamestown

c - Sir Walter Raleigh's failed colonial settlement on North Carolina's Roanoke Island. Mysteriously disappeared soon after being established in the mid-1580s. Many historians believe that, weakened by disease, the colony split into smaller groups and dispersed.

Which of the following did not contribute to English colonization in North America?
a. Laws of primogeniture
b. A strong English navy
c. Joint-stock companies
d. Economic depression
e. Peace with Spain

b - Peace with a weakened Spain provided the opportunity for English colonization. An economic depression left thousands of farmers unemployed and looking for work in cities, which were busting at the seams with surplus population. Employment, adventure, new markets, and religious freedom provided motives to leave England, while joint-stock companies, where men could pool their money to reduce risk, provided the financial means.

Which of the following colonies proved to be the first permanent English settlement in the New World?
a. Roanoke Island
b. Georgia
c. South Carolina
d. Maryland
e. Jamestown

e - On May 24, 1607, about a hundred hopeful English colonists, all men, disembarked at a site on the wooded and malarial banks of the James River. Called it Jamestown, first permanent English settlement in North America.

Which of the following statements about the Powhatan peoples is true?
a. They fully assimilated into English colonial society by the end of the seventeenth century.
b. They quickly developed a strong immunity to European diseases.
c. They won the Second Anglo-Powhatan War.
d. They won the First Anglo-Powhatan War.
e. Their population suffered a huge decline following the arrival of the English.

e - Killed in large numbers by disease and weakened by disunion, the Powhatans' population in 1669 stood at an estimated 10% of what it was upon the arrival of Europeans in 1607.

The Dutch colonies:
a. Were governed by highly competent, royally appointed magistrates.
b. Saw very little influx of immigrants from anywhere but Holland.
c. Rejected the aristocratic tint of their English rivals.
d. Administered vast feudal estates called "patroonships."
e. Outlasted the British, holding much of the east coast of America until the late eighteenth century.

d - Dutch government granted vast tracts of land, known as "patroonships," along the Hudson River in New Netherland to wealthy promoters in exchange for bringing fifty settlers to the property.

The Dutch fought the Swedes over territory near:
a. New Amsterdam.
b. Connecticut.
c. The Hudson River.
d. Manhattan.
e. The Delaware River.

e - Swedes trespassed on Dutch preservers by planting the colony of New Sweden on the Delaware River. Resenting the intrusion, the Dutch dispatched a small military expedition in 1655. After a bloodless siege, the Swedish colony was absorbed by New Netherland.

In 1664, the Dutch surrendered the city of New Amsterdam to:
a. Spain.
b. France.
c. Native Americans.
d. Sweden.
e. England.

e - New Netherland had always been seen as intruders to the English. In 1664, after Charles II granted the area to his brother, the Duke of York, a strong English squadron appeared off of New Amsterdam. Short of munitions, the city was forced to surrender and was renamed New York in honor of the duke.

What did many Native American populations lose when their elders succumbed to disease quickly and in large numbers?
a. Skilled horsemen
b. Agricultural know-how
c. Oral traditions
d. Diplomatic agents
e. Economic independence

c - older generation took with them their accumulated wisdom, which had been preserved through oral traditions. As a result, many Native American groups were forced to reinvent and redefine themselves.

Which of the following served as an impetus for intertribal violence?
a. Competition for prime hunting grounds to acquire furs to trade for European firearms
b. John Rolfe's marriage to Pocahontas
c. The Second Anglo-Powhatan War
d. Competition to acquire horses from the Spanish
e. The First Anglo-Powhatan War

a - One of many ways that English colonization disrupted Native American lifestyles was that commercial trade replaced traditional barter-and-exchange networks.

During the first forty years of Virginia's existence, African slaves:
a. Numbered very few in the colony due to their high cost
b. Chose the best sites to plant tobacco
c. Provided the cheapest form of labor
d. Participated in local government
c. Constituted a majority of the colony's population

a - Virginia colony could scarcely afford to import African slaves in any great numbers. In 1650, Virginia counted but three hundred blacks. By the end of the century, blacks(most enslaved) made up 14% of the colony's population.

Lord Baltimore intended the Maryland colony as:
a. A haven for persecuted Catholics
b. A place where Native Americans could keep their ancestral lands
c. A new homeland for European Jews
d. A safe place for atheists
e. A refuge for displaced Quakers

a - With the Act of Toleration passed in 1649, Maryland guaranteed toleration of all Christians, yet promised to extend the death penalty to anyone who denied the divinity of Jesus Christ.

Maryland's 1649 Act of Toleration contained provisions for the harsh persecution of which of the following groups?
a. Catholics and Protestants
b. Jews and atheists
c. Quakers and Mennonites
d. Native Americans who refused to convert to Catholicism
e. All non-Catholic Christians

b - in response to the wave of Protestants entering the colony, Maryland's Act of Toleration promised the death penalty for anyone who did not believe in the divinity of Jesus Christ, such as Jews and atheists. The act decreed that other Christians would be tolerated but ensured that Catholics would enjoy an extra level of protection.

Cultivation of which of the following principal export crops in Carolina led to the importation of West African slaves?
a. Rice
b. Cotton
c. Silk
d. Tobacco
e. Sugar cane

a - Carolinians paid premium prices for West African slaves to work the rice plantations. The Africans' agricultural skills and their relative immunities to malaria made them ideal laborers on the hot and swampy rice plantations.

The founders of Georgia:
a. Ultimately succumbed to superior Spanish military might
b. Rejected colonists from debtors' prisons
c. Were ably led by James Oglethorpe
d. Quickly embraced slavery
e. Chartered their colony almost seventy years before Pennsylvania

c - A military officer, member of Parliament, philanthropist, and social reformer who championed the cause of prison reform, James Oglethorpe emerged as the ablest among the group who founded Georgia. He established Georgia as "the Charity Colony" in the hopes of resettling some of the worthy poor confined to the squalor of British debtors' prisons.

All of the following characterized the plantation colonies except:
a. Some degree of religious toleration
b. Wide-scattered farms and plantations with few large cities
c. Very little reliance on slave labor
d. Continuing confrontation with Native Americans
e. Soil butchery

c

The original Puritan colonists of Massachusetts Bay:
a. Rejected calls to see the Church of England wholly de-Catholicized
b. Settled in America only after their application for Dutch citizenship was denied
c. Believed that good works could save those whom predestination had marked for the infernal fires
d. Brought their royal charter along with them as a basic constitution
e. Rejected the notion of a conversion experience, in which God revealed to the elect their heavenly destiny

d - non-Separatist Puritans secured a royal charter to form the Massachusetts Bay Company and brought it with them when they emigrated to Massachusetts. Enjoying a measure of autonomy beyond the easy reach of royal authority, used it as a constitution.

Which of the following best describes the "freemen" of the young Massachusetts Bay Colony?
a. Those who were part of the original Puritan migration of 1630-1642 or their descendants
b. Those who owned property worth at least a thousand pounds
c. Landowners who had a family with at least two children
d. Adult male members of the Congregational Church
e. Those who would swear an oath of loyalty to the Puritan government and fight in its army.

d

The punishment the Puritans inflicted on the religious dissenters Anne Hutchinson and Roger Williams was:
a. Death by stoning
b. Whipping
c. Burning at the stake
d. Exile from the Bay Colony
e. Confinement in the public stocks, where they were subject to beatings and ridicule

d - Hutchinson and Williams undermined both the Puritan orthodoxy and the civilian government of the Bay Colony with their powerful rhetoric, which leaders viewed as a dangerous threat to stability in the colony.

As the founder of Rhode Island, Roger Williams:
a. Became a very wealthy man
b. Established complete religious freedom for all
c. Demanded attendance at worship
d. Supported some types of special privileges
e. Established religious freedom for all but Jews and Catholics

b - he built a Baptist church founded on complete freedom of religion. Williams even extended this freedom to Jews and Catholics, which represented a degree of tolerance far ahead of the other English settlements in the New World.

Settlers of the Connecticut River colony developed a document known as the Fundamental Orders, which:
a. Set up a military alliance in New England
b. Established a regime democratically controlled by "substantial" citizens
c. Supported a government controlled by all people
d. Marked the beginning of the colony of Connecticut
e. Pleased King Charles I

b - first "modern constitution" establishing a democratically controlled government. Key features of the document were borrowed for Connecticut's colonial charter and, later, its state constitution.

Which of the following wars pitted the Wampanoag against English colonists?
a. Pequot War
b. King Phillip's War
c. American Revolution
d. English Civil War
e. Glorious Revolution

b - Led by Metacom, or King Philip as the English called him, the Wampanoags carried out a series of coordinated attacks on English settlements in New England. A bloody affair with high casualties, King Phillip's War (1675-1676) slowed the westward migration of New England settlers for several decades.

Sir Edmund Andros served as governor of an administrative entity know as:
a. The Dominion of New England
b. Parliament
c. Boston
d. The Catholic Church
e. The New England Confederatio

a - short-lived administrative union created by royal authority, incorporating all of New England, New York, and East and West Jersey. Andros curbed popular assemblies, taxed residents without their consent, and strictly enforced Navigation Laws. The Dominion's collapse after the Glorious Revolution in England demonstrated colonial opposition to strict royal control.

Which of the following resulted in the ousting of King James II from his throne?
a. English Civil War
b. Pequot War
c. American Revolution
d. King Philip's War
e. Glorious Revolution

e - Glorious Revolution (1688-1689) was a relatively peaceful overthrow of the unpopular Catholic monarch, James II, who was replaced with Dutch-born William III and Mary II, daughter of James II.

Economically, the Quakers of Pennsylvania:
a. Were primarily interested in agriculture rather than trade or manufacturing
b. Did not believe in acquiring excessive worldly goods.
c. Lucked into vast deposits of gems and gold in the hills of eastern Pennsylvania
d. Were known as unscrupulous operators who took advantage of the Indians and German immigrants
e. Were shrewd businesspeople who attained considerable prosperity through trade

e - Quaker settlers proved economically savvy and amassed considerable wealth by exporting grain and other foodstuffs. As a result, Pennsylvania grew quickly, becoming the third most populated and prosperous colony in the New World by 1700.

Which of the following conditions greatly contributed to the rise of the slave trade during the first half of the eighteenth century?
a. Christian ministers finally gave their blessing that slavery was ethically sound.
b. The middle passage was chosen as a healthier alternative for transporting slaves.
c. The slave codes passed in 1662 finally made slavery legal.
d. Demand for slaves on Rhode Island plantations skyrocketed.
e. The Royal African Company lost its monopoly on transporting slaves to the colonies

e - The supply of slaves to the North American colonies rose sharply once the company lost its monopoly privileges and enterprising Americans rushed to fill the vacuum.

Which of the following circumstances served as the basis for Nathaniel Hawthorne's 1850 novel The Scarlet Letter?
a. The Puritan punishment for divorce
b. The Puritan punishment for committing adultery
c. The Puritan punishment for abandonment
d. The Salem Witch Trials
e. Puritan midwifery

b - Convicted adulterers in Puritan New England—especially if they were women—were whipped in public and forced forever after to wear the capital letter "A" cut out in cloth and sewn on their outer garments. Hawthorne's The Scarlet Letter enjoyed immense popularity upon release in the mid-nineteenth century and is considered a classic piece of distinctly American literature.

Which of the following best describes those accused of practicing witchcraft in Salem during the late seventeenth century?
a. Young girls from prosperous farming families
b. Young girls who practiced religious traditionalism
c. Women whose families were associated with the burgeoning d. market economy
d. Very old women who stopped going to church
e. Women whose families engaged in subsistence farming

c

The generally unfavorable conditions for New England agriculture led to:
a. The return of many settlers to England
b. The importation of large numbers of indentured servants to the region
c. An increasing economic turn to fishing, shipbuilding, and commerce
d. Growing class conflict between the few wealthy landowners and the masses
e. A focus on education as the main engine of the local economy

c - harsh climate and unproductive soil of New England eventually encouraged a diversified agriculture and industry. New Englanders fished for cod, felled timber from dense forests, built ships, and engaged in a wide array of commercial enterprises.

Which description fits the vast majority of American colonists before the Revolution?
a. Shopkeepers and artisans
b. Indentured servants or former indentured servants
c. Women working as domestic help
d. Slave owners
e. Small landowning farmers

e - Though cities contained a small class of artisans, shopkeepers, and unskilled laborers and wealthy plantation owners flourished in the South, these colonists did not make up the bulk of the population.

The triangular trade among the North America colonies, Africa, and the West Indies included the profitable exchange of which of the following?
a. Fish, oranges, and rum
b. Rum, wheat, and fish
c. Rum, slaves, and molasses
d. Tobacco, slaves, and molasses
e. Gold, wine, and slaves

b - The triangular trade was the profitable exchange of rum, slaves, and molasses among the North American colonies, Africa, and the West Indies.

George Whitefield's revival meetings were often characterized by which of the following?
a. Quiet prayer and reflection
b. Hundreds of people groaning, shrieking, and rolling on the ground
c. Missionaries caring for the sick and providing for the poor
d. Old lights describing the ways in which traditional religion has failed
e. Great debate over religion among men

b - skilled orator who preached in open fields to thousands of men and women. During his popular revival meetings, sinners professed conversions and groaned, shrieked, or rolled on the ground in religious excitement.

Ministers who took part in the revivalist, emotive religious tradition during the Great Awakening were called which of the following?
a. Old lights
b. Pastors
c. Missionaries
d. Clergymen
e. New lights

e - Those who rejected the emotionalism of the Great Awakening in favor of a more rational spirituality were called old lights

All of the following were true of the Zenger Case except:
a. Philadelphia lawyer Andrew Hamilton asserted that "the very liberty of both exposing and opposing arbitrary power" was at stake.
b. It involved Zenger's newspaper assailing the corrupt royal governor.
c. It was a banner achievement for freedom of the press.
d. The royal chief justice instructed the jury not to consider the truth or falsity of Zenger's statements; the mere fact of printing, irrespective of the truth, was enough to convict.
e. It resulted in Zenger's conviction for seditious libel.

e - In 1734, John Peter Zenger was charged with libel for printing in his paper that the royal governor of New York was corrupt. Defended in court by Andrew Hamilton, Zenger was found not guilty, and the case established the principle that truthful statements about public officials could not be prosecuted as libel.

Cultural similarities existing throughout all of Britain's North American colonies included all of the following except:
a. Legal protection of free speech
b. Possibility of social mobility
c. The English language
d. The Protestant religion
e. Some measure of self-government

a

How did colonial assemblies challenge royal governors?
a. Threatening them to a duel with pistols
b. Refusing to pass the governors' proposed tax bills
c. Deploying colonial militia to threaten royal authority
d. Witholding the governor's salary unless he yielded to their demands
e. Appealing to the king and British Parliament to remove bad governors

d

What was the primary goal of the 1754 Albany Congress?
a. To agree on terms to end the French and Indian War
b. To prevent the Iroquois from leaving upstate New York
c. To achieve greater colonial unity
d. To develop a better relationship with the French
e. To bolster the common defense against Britain

c - British government summoned an intercolonial congress to Albany, New York. The immediate purpose was to keep the powerful Iroquois confederation, who were located nearby, loyal to the British in the French and Indian War. The long-range goal was to achieve greater colonial unity and thus bolster the common defense against France.

All of the following are outcomes of the Seven Years' War except:
a. Russia ceded much of its land to Great Britain.
b. Great Britain became a leading naval power.
c. Great Britain emerged as the dominant power in North America.
d. France lost most of its holdings in North America.
e. Colonists gained confidence in their own military strength.

a - With the signing of the Treaty of Paris in 1763, Great Britain emerged as the dominant power in North America and a leading naval power in the world, taking control of Canada and Florida. France lost most of its holdings in North America, only retaining several small sugar islands in the West Indies. American colonists also emerged with an increased sense of confidence in their qumilitary strength, leading to friction with British officials.

Which is true of the Proclamation of 1763?
a. It successfully detoured westward expansion.
b. It prevented Native Americans from moving into the British colonies.
c. It was issued in response to the Seven Years' War.
d. It was welcomed by American colonists.
e. It prohibited settlement in the area beyond the Appalachian Mountains.

e - Treaty of Paris that ended the Seven Years' War dealt a harsh blow to Native Americans. Now in control of much of North America, the British lacked diplomacy and aggravated multiple tribes, resulting in several skirmishes and thousands of British and Native American deaths. Hoping to prevent more bloodshed, the London government issued the Proclamation of 1763, prohibiting settlement in the area beyond the Appalachians. However, the prohibition did little to prevent westward expansion, as countless settlers moved past the Appalachians into land they believed was rightfully theirs to conquer.

The American colonial advocates of republicanism argued that a just society depends on which of the following?
a. Support for hierarchical instructions
b. A powerful central government
c. A strong aristocratic tradition
d. A weak army
e. A willingness to subordinate private interests to the common good

e - As a result, both the stability of society and the authority of government depended on the virtue of the citizenry.

Under the theory of mercantilism, the British colonies were essentially expected to do which of the following?
a. Furnish raw materials to the mother country and buy British manufactured goods
b. Transform raw materials imported from the mother country into manufactured goods
c. Provide troops for their own defense and pay taxes to support the common welfare of the Empire
d. Sell all of their own goods only to Britain
e. Grant British investors half of the ownership of any colonial commercial or manufacturing enterprise

a - British authorities embraced mercantilism to justify their control of the colonies. Mercantilists believed that a country needed to export more than it imported. The colonies could reduce the need for foreign imports to Britain by supplying raw materials to the mother country and could provide a guaranteed market for British exports.

Which of the following was most effective in inspiring intercolonial unity and contributed to the repeal of the Stamp Act?
a. The Sons of Liberty
b. Declaratory Acts
c. Nonimportation agreements
d. The Daughters of Liberty
e. The Stamp Act Congress

c - Though the Stamp Act Congress was a significant step toward intercolonial unity, nonimportation agreements against British goods were more effective. As pledges to boycott British goods, the nonimportation agreements were sometimes enforced by groups like the Sons of Liberty and the Daughters of Liberty, and they eventually led to the repeal of the Stamp Act.

Which patriotic groups kept the spirit of opposition to Britain alive through the exchange of letters and pamphlets?
a. Daughters of Liberty
b. Nonimportation agreements
c. Committees of correspondence
d. Sons of Liberty
e. Houses of Burgesses

c - 1772, Samuel Adams organized local committees of correspondence in Massachusetts to maintain colonial opposition to British policies through the exchange of letters and pamphlets. Intercolonial committees soon followed, with Virginia creating a standing committee of the House of Burgesses. These committees evolved directly into the first American congresses.

Which statement is true about the First Continental Congress of 1774?
a. It was attended by representatives from all thirteen colonies.
b. It overthrew British rule in the colonies.
c. It resulted in the creation of The Association.
d. It supported the cause of the French in Quebec.
e. It took place in Lexington, Massachusetts.

c - In response to the Quebec Act and other Intolerable Acts, Americans summoned the First Continental Congress in Philadelphia in 1774. Attended by representatives from all of the colonies except Georgia, the Congress established The Association, a complete boycott of all British goods.

What was one of the most demoralizing forces undermining the American cause?
a. The lack of professional military training and effective military leadership
b. Corrupt profiteering and speculation by American merchants
c. The success of the British in capturing all major American cities during the war
d. The failure of the Continental Army to remain committed to the cause of independence
e. Benjamin Franklin's outspoken opposition to war with Britain

b - Morale in the Revolutionary army was undermined by American profiteers who sold supplies to the British to make a profit.

What did King George III do in July 1775 after the Battle of Bunker Hill?
Allied with the French in an effort to end the war quickly
Hired German troops to fight against American troops
Launched a frontal attack with 3,000 men on the American army
Returned to Boston with trained sharpshooters
Adopted an Olive Branch Petition declaring American freedom