Class 7: Growth and Development (with Theories)

Growth

Growth

Quantifiable change in structure and size. Increase in size and weigt

1. Vitamins

2. Prenatal care

3. Exposure to drugs, alcohol, smoke

Prenatal factors that can have an effect on growth [3]

1. If mom is breastfeeding

2. Exposure to drugs, alcohol

Postnatal factors that can effect growth, similar to prenatal [2]

1. Genetic factors

2. Prenatal and postnatal exposures

3. nutrition

4. Environmental factors

Influences on an individual’s potential for growth [4]

1. Childbearing (prenatal)

2. Infancy

3. Adolescence

When are period of rapid growth? [3]

1. Toddler

2. Preschool

3. School-age

When are periods of slower rate of growth? [3]

head

What is the fastest growing section of the body in early life?

Looking at growth of children especially, looking at charts and comparing them. (percentile for height and weight)

How might a public health nurse monitor growth patterns?

Erikson’s Theory of Psychosocial developement

Theory of psychosocial development:

1. Piaget’s Theory

2. Vygotsky’s Theory

Cognitive development theories: [2]

1. Kohlberg’s Theory

2. Gilligan’s theory

Moral development theories: [2]

trust vs. mistrust

Erikson’s Stage for infancy:

Autonomy vs. shame and doubt

Erikson’s Stage for toddlers:

Initiative vs. Guilt

Erikson’s Stage for preschool:

Industry vs. Inferiority

Erikson’s Stage for School age:

identity vs. role confusion

Erikson’s Stage for adolescent

Intimacy vs. Isolation

Erikson’s Stage for young adult

Erikson’s Theory of Psychosocial Development

Development of identify of the self through stages that unfold throughout the life span. Based on the need of each person to develop a sense of trust in self and others and a sense of personal worth. Describes a healthy personality in positive terms, not merely through the absence of disease. Stages must be accomplished before moving to the next.

Piaget’s cognitive development theory

Cognitive development theory that is naturally unfolding, and this is how we learn. Learning is based on the changes that take place in the age. How the individual mind works rather than with what it does.

Sensorimotor.

Piaget’s stage for infant to toddler:

• Relies on reflexes to learn. Voluntary actions develop as reflexes decrease.

• Imitation predominates

• Thought dominated by physical manipulation

• Development of object permanence

Describe Piaget’s sensorimotor stage: [4 points]

Preoperational

Piaget’s stage for ages 2-7:

• Advancing movement and language

• Egocentric, animistic, and magical thinking

• Representational thought to interpret and learn, in terms of relationships or themselves

Describe Piaget’s Preopertional stage: [3 points]

Concrete Operational

Piaget’s Stage for ages 7-11

• Mental reasoning process, logical approaches when solving concrete problems

• Cause and effect

• Considering other points of view

• Influenced by social interactions (ex: school)

• Language is perfected

Describe Piaget’s concrete operational stage: [5 points]

1. Sensorimotor (birth-2)

2. Preoperational (2-7)

3. Concrete operational (7-11)

Piaget’s Cognitive Development stages: [3]

1. Trust vs. Mistrust

2. Autonomy vs. Shame and doubt

3. Initiative vs. Guilt

4. industry vs. Inferiority

5. Identity vs. Role confusion

6. Intimacy vs. Isolation

7. Generativity vs. Stagnation

8. Ego-integrity vs. Despair

Erikson’s Psychosocial development stages [8]

Vygotsky’s Cognitive Development Theory

Theory where development is more influenced by different social and cultural experiences. Learning precedes and pushes development. No list of stages, development occurs based on experiences.

Kohlberg’s Theory

Moral development theory based on Piaget. Development of moral thinking and judgement, based on ethical dilemmas.

Pre-conventional

Kohlberg’s stage for school-age

Actions driven by avoiding punishment and gaining reward

Descrive Kohlberg’s pre-conventional moral stage:

Conventional

Kohlberg’s stage for adolescents:

Actions driven by gaining approval or disapproval

Describe Kohlberg’s Conventional stage:

Postconventional

Kohlberg’s stage for young adults:

Actions are driven by agreeing upon rights, establishing personal moral standards, and achieving justice

Describe Kohlberg’s postconventional stage:

1. Preconventional

2. Conventional

3. Postconventional

Kohlberg’s stages of moral development: [3]

Gilligan’s Moral Development Theory

Moral development theory that proved women and men develop differently in their morals. Women act and think more from a base of caring, men from a more justice, what is right, rules to be followed (etc.)

1. Preconventional

2. Conventional

3. Postconventional

Gilligan’s Stages of moral development for women: [3]

Acts based on what is practical for self (individual)

Describe Gilligan’s preconventional stage:

Acts based on the needs of others, more self-sacrifice for goodness.

Describe Gilligan’s conventional stage:

Acts with moral equality of self and others (non-violence focus)

Describe Gilligan’s Postconventional stage:

Behavioral Biological Development theory

Theory that states that experience and environment change the function of genes. Has an effect on behaviour and learning, fundamental in nature vs. nurture debate. Explains that early life and parental experiences can be passed through physical disease and attention and behavioural, and mental health disorders (even transmission of behavioural traits)