Ch 12 Air Pollution

Climate is always changing, but major concerns for mankind are _______ changes within a _______ period of time!

rapid / short

Water storage will disappear when this event occurs

melting of glaciers

Rising sea levels occur due to ...

melting glaciers and thermal expansion

Higher surface temperatures result in ...

More and stronger tropical cyclones

Ocean currents are changed due to

changes in freshwater/saltwater distributions

The natural greenhouse effect on Earth is

33 C

Temp on Earth (without atmosphere)

-18 C

Temp on Earth (with atmosphere)

15 C

Stefan-Boltzman Law

Radiation intensity increases to the 4th power of its temperature

Sun's Radiation

5785 K

Earth's Radiation

288 K

Solar Constant

1367 W m^2

Winter Solstice in Southern Hemisphere

June 22

Summer Solstice in Southern Hemisphere

Dec 23

Variation in received solar radiation caused by ...

Earth's atmosphere and tilt

John Tyndall =

IR absorption by H2O

Svante August Arrhenius =

Global Warming by CO2

Deforestation removes

carbon sink releasing GHGs into the atmosphere

Data important for estimating past climate include

- lake bottom sediment,

- pollen in ice caves,

- fossil evidence,

- coral isotopes,

- calcium carbonate layers in caves,

- borehole temperature,

- dendrochronology or tree ring data,

- Written documents

Eccentricity of orbit around sun maximum difference is

9% (20% in solar energy)

Obliquity of Earth's axis is

23.5

Fastest Methods of slowing Global Warming

Mitigation of Short-lived GHGs Black Carbon, CH Black Carbon, CH4, O3

Withoutthe presence of natural greenhouse gases, particularlywater vapor and carbon dioxide ...

the Earth would betoo cold to support higher life forms

Global Warming

The increase in the Earth's temperature above that caused by natural greenhouse gases.

Greenhouse gases that contribute the most to global warming are ...

CO2, CH4, N2O

The sec-ond most important component of near-surface global warming,after carbon dioxide and before methane, maybe ...

particulate BC

Kyoto Protocol

An international agreement designed to fight global warming by controlling the emission of greenhouse gases

Highest per capita CO2 emission rate

United States

Highest national CO2 emission rate

China

A decrease in stratospheric temperature reduces global stratospheric ozone when ...

.

only the effect of cooling on aerosol particle size is considered

Some polar ozone loss to dateis due to increased ...

PSC formation caused by stratospheric cooling that accompanies near-surface global warming

obliquity

angle of the axis relative to a line perpendicular to the plane of the Earth's orbit around the sun.

Precession (wobble) of Earth's axis period ...

22,000 years

Obliquity of Earth's axis period ...

41,000 years

Eccentricity of orbit around sun period ...

100,000 years