WHAP Units 3 and 4 Vocab

Ming dynasty

this chinese dynasty overthrew the occupation of the nomadic mongols, only to be later conquered by another group of nomads from manchuria

manchu

sinofied (made more chinese) ethnic group of former nomads who conquered the ming

qing dynasty

manchu led chinese dynasty that led it to its greatest extent

kangxi

the third qing emperor, responsible for the great deal of their expansion

emperor qianlong

led qing during their height

gutenberg printing press

this invention was created by improving upon technologies developed in Song dynasty china and resulted in increased literacy rates in western europe

gunpowder empires

turkic formerly nomadic states that used gunpowder to expand militarily

ottoman empire

gunpowder empire in anatolia that controlled mediterranean trade

shah

king or emperor in persian (farsi)

safavid empire

gunpowder empire in central asia

mughal empire

gunpowder empire that eventually controlled most of south asia

ghazi ideal

warrior and islamic code of behavior used by the timurids

castes

social groups defined with hinduism

Ivan IV

Person responsible for the expansion of Russian Empire, military conquest was ensured by the use of gunpowder

Tamerlane

Turkic leader who expanded after the fragmentation of the Mongol khanates.

Suleiman I

Ottoman leader during its height

Ismail

first ruler of the safavid dynasty

Shah abbas I

this person presided over the safavid empire at its height

Akbar

founder of the mughals

Divine right of kings

claim that the right of rule was given to a king by God, positioning the King outside the law and any "earthly authority"

Justices of the peace

English bureaucrats responsible for the rule of law in England

English bill of rights

document that limited the role and powers of the king of England

Absolute

When the political authority resides in a single entity or individual

Cardinal richelieu

This person along with Louis XIII was responsible for the centralization of power in government to an absolute degree in France

Intendants

French bureaucrats empowered to act in the name in the French king and carry out his authority

Louis XIV

king of france during the peak of the kingdom

Ivan IV

Person responsible for the expansion of Russian Empire, military conquest was ensured by the use of gunpowder.

Romanov Dynasty

Dynasty that ruled the Tsardom of Russia until it collapsed in the 20th century

Peter I

Russian leader who focused on modernizing and westernizing Russia

Devshirme

System in which Christian boys from the Balkans were contributed to become slaves of the sultans of the Ottoman Empire

Janissaries

Ottoman soldiers (who came from the devshirme) trained to be effective fighters

Daimyo

lords in feudal Japan

Edo

Historic capital of Japan, Tokyo built around it

Tokugawa Hideyoshi

daimyo who was eventually pronounced shogun of Japan

Period of Great Peace

period of stability in Japan

Tokugawa Shogunate

familiy dynasty who controlled Japan until the 19th century

Askia the Great

Western Africa Ruler whose Muslim faith represented a continued effect of the spread of Islam. Unified the Songhai Empire under Islam

Dehli

capital of the mughal empire

Shah Jahan

One of the notable leaders of the Mughal Empire. Funded construction of the taj mahal

Tax farmers

tax collectors

Tax farming

the process of collecting taxations

tributes

political state paying a kind of tax to more powerful states in exchange for protection

Zamindars

Bureaucratic officials in the Mughal empire, tasked with collection of taxes and the organization of public works project

Taj Mahal

tomb built by Shah Jahan for his wife, a fusion of South Asian art and Muslim

Versailles

Palace of Louis XIV, ornate and expected to house the french nobility

Boyars

the nobles landowning class in Russia

Serfdom

Feudal system where peasants exchange their loyalty for protection; the leverage boyars had over them often led to exploitation.

Henry VIII

After being denied an annulment from the Catholic Church this person established themselves as the head of the new Church of England (Anglican Church)

Anne Boleyn

Women who an English sought to marry after his previous wife bore him no sons

Charles V

Powerful Catholic leader of the Holy Roman Empire in the 16th century

Phillip II

Catholic king of Spain who attempted extend Catholic influence into the Netherlands and Great Britain

Spanish Armada

Naval mission that attempted to remove the protestant ruler from England

Peace of Augsburg

Agreement between Catholic and protestant forces in the Holy Roman Empire that led to the adoption of State religions.

Edict of Nantes

French law that allowed the tolerance of Protestants in France

Thirty year war

Military conflict between protestant and catholic forces in the holy roman empire that led to the adoption of state religions

Peace of Westphalia

Ending the thirty year war, this treaty allowed each area of the holy roman empire to select one of three Christian religions options, aiming to settle religious tensions that had initially started the war.

Indulgences

selling forgiveness for sins

Simony

The practice of securing appointments to high ranking positions within the church of the selling of church

Holy synod

Government led organization of orthodox clergy that answered to the Tsar

Counter Reformation

the general efforts and policies done by the Catholic Church to address the Protestant Reformation

Inquisition

an organization that looked to root out deviant sects of Catholicism as well as non-Catholic influences from the religion

Jesuits

Also known as the Society of Jesus, this religious order was opposed to the spread of Protestantism and undertook missionary activity throughout the Spanish Empire, as well as Japan and India

Council Of Trent

Part of the Catholic counter reformation, between the years of 1545-1563 this body of Church officials met 25 times to correct some of the worst of the Church's abuses and concentrated on reaffirming fundamental rituals

Martin Luther

German monk who proposed a series of reforms to the Catholic Church who eventually was excommunicated by the Church

95 Theses

This document argued that many different traditional Church practices which violated biblical teachings

John Calvin

This French Theologian broke off from from the Catholic Church inspiring other such protestant groups such as the Huguenots in France and Puritans in England and later in North America

Elect

The group people who have chosen to ascend to heaven under calvinist doctirine.

Predestined

salvation has been predetermined by God.

Puritans

A calvinist sect that developed in ENgland and eventually settled in North America

Protestant Reformation

Larger movement within christianity that challenged the unitary authority of the Catholic church and Papacy

Anglican Church

Protestant sect that is led the monarch of England

Shariah

After the fall of Constantinople, the Ottoman empire adopted this system of strict Islamic laws. A system which has laws that cover all areas of life

Sikhism

Result of religious syncretism which developed from Hinduism and influences from Islamic mysticism known as Sufis

Empiricism

Developed by Francis Bacon, this scientific method insisted upon the collection of data to back up a hypothesis

Cartography

mapmaking

primogeniture laws

laws that gave all of a persons land to his eldest son

Omani-European Rivalry

Competition between the Portuguese and the kingdom of Oman, both early maritime empires

maritime empires

empires based on sea travel

astronomical chart

map of the stars and galaxies

Christopher Columbus

Italian explorer responsible for European contact with the Americas (he was sent by the King and queen of Spain, and he was hoping to reach India)

Prince Henry the Navigator

Portuguese king, first European monarch to sponsor seafaring expeditions

Bartholomew Diaz

Portuguese explorer, sailed around the Cape of Good Hope (southern tip of Africa) in 1488

Vasco da Gama

Portuguese explorer, sailed around Africa to India in 1498, claimed territory for portugal's empire

Trading post empire

an empire based on small outposts rather than control of large territories

Ferdinand Magellan

Portuguese explorer, led a voyage in 1519 that circumnavigated the globe (he died during the journey in 1521, but one of his ships made it around the world).

Manilla

Area of the Philippines conquered by Spain, became a commercial center

Galleons

heavily armed Spanish ships

Jacques Cartier

French explorer, claimed part of what is now Canada for France

Samuel de Champlain

French explorer, founded Quebec and New France

Quebec

Early town and trading post in what is now Canada

New France

The name for all French territories in North America ("the french colony in North America")

John Cabot

Italian explorer sent by England to the Americas in search of a northwest passage to the Pacific Ocean.

Jamestown

First permanent British settlement in the Americas (in what is now the state of Virginia)

Henry Hudson

Dutch explorer sent to the east coast of North America

New Amsterdam

Dutch colony on the island of Manhattan (today it is New York City)

Columbian exchange

Links between the Eastern and Western Hemispheres (foods, animals, diseases, etc.)

conquistadors

Spanish soldiers, such as Pizarro and Cortes, who conquered indigenous empires in the Americas

smallpox

very contagious viral disease, common in Europe and non existent in the Americas before the arrival of Spanish Explorers

horse

domesticated animal from Europe that transformed Native American culture in the plains region