AP Psych Unit 8

Medical Model

Medical Model

changed society’s paradigm (viewpoint) on mental illness as a curable disease (just like a physical disease); says any mental disease can be cured

DSM V

Diagnostic and Statistical Manual - book used to diagnose over 400 disorders

based on observable signs & symptoms

Only used for diagnosis

DOES NOT INCLUDE causes (etiology) or treatment options

David Rosenhan study

individuals purposefully got admitted into institutions (diagnosed with schizophrenia for experiencing hallucinations), caused reform in institutions again

Deinstitutionalization

1950’s because of development of drugs (especially for schizophrenia), local clinics treated and released; led to boom in homeless population

Psychoanalytic Perspective on causes of disorders

Freud would say anxiety is a product of repressed impulses and ideas. Anxiety is a byproduct of unresolved unconscious conflicts.

Humanistic Perspective on causes of disorders

failure to strive towards one’s potential. (Patient has the opportunity to change due to free-will)

Focus – Goal is to encourage self-fulfillment by the therapist helping the patient grow in self-awareness and self-acceptance

Behavioral Perspective on causes of disorders

due to the environment and can be changed with a change in one’s surroundings, conditioned into a behavior

Focus – apply learning principles (Operant and Classical Conditioning) to eliminate unwanted behavior, replace maladaptive symptoms with constructive behavior

Cognitive Perspective on causes of disorders

Irrational or dysfunctional ways of thinking. A patient's interpretation of events including a realistic appraisal of the consequences.

Teaching clients new and rational ways of thinking

Biomedical perspective on causes of disorders

genetic predisposition to the disorder, biochemical (neurotransmitter) imbalance

advocate somatic therapies (emphasis on mind and body along with connection) that produce bodily change.

Specific Phobia

an intense, irrational fear of something that poses little or no actual danger.

Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD)

Excessive, Constant and long-lasting anxiety that is not focused on any particular object or situation

Panic Disorder (Panic Attack)

Episodes last only minutes but include acute terror – patient experiences chest pain, choking, heart palpitations, sweating, and dizziness (often thought to be having a heart attack)

Obsessive Compulsive Disorder

(OCD) - Persistent unwanted thoughts (obsessions) causing a need to engage in a particular behavior/ritual (compulsion)

Obsessions

persistent unwanted thoughts

Compulsions

engaging in particular behaviors

Post Traumatic Stress Disorder

Flashbacks and nightmares of a troubling event

Mood Disorders

(aka affective disorders) – psychological disorders characterized by emotional extremes.

Major Depressive disorder

aka depression/unipolar disorder) - Two or more weeks of depressed moods, feelings of worthlessness, and diminished interest in pleasure; Depression is referred to as the common cold of all psychological disorders -- most common mood disorder.

Bipolar disorder

manic-depressive disorder) - Alternates between the hopelessness and lethargy of depression and the overexcited state of mania.

Somatic Symptom Disorder

must HAVE physical symptoms (usually more than one are present), which could be severe in nature.

Illness Anxiety Disorder

the belief that one has AIDS, cancer, heart disease, etc

Patient reports numerous symptoms but NO physical cause is found

Conversion disorder

(hysteria) – a somatoform disorder in which a person appears to be, but is not, blind, deaf, paralyzed or insensitive to pain in various parts of the body; can be due to stressful event

The person will not be able to move their arms, see, feel, etc. but there is no biological cause (psychological not physical)

Dissociative Disorders

rare conditions that involve sudden and usually temporary disruptions in a person's memory, consciousness, or identity (Split in consciousness) NOT SCHIZOPHRENIA

Dissociative Amnesia

(psychogenic amnesia) a dissociative disorder marked by sudden loss of memory with no physiological cause.

Dissociative Identity Disorder

(formally known as Multiple Personalities Disorder) – a dissociative disorder in which a person reports having more than one identity. NOT SCHIZOPHRENIA.

Binge Eating Disorder

you eat a lot of food at one time, no purging

Schizophrenia

split from reality (not like DID); interpret reality abnormally; delusions, hallucinations. Example of Psychotic Disorder.

Delusions

false beliefs

Hallucinations

sensory experiences without sensory stimulation

______ are usually auditory, but people with schizophrenia may also see, feel, taste, or even smell things that are not actually there.

Flat affect

(mood) – zombie-like state of apathy

Antisocial Personality Disorder

(formerly called a psychopath/sociopath) – a personality disorder in which the person, usually a man, exhibits a lack of conscience for wrongdoing, even toward family members and friends. Inability to empathize with others..pattern of violent, criminal, exploitative or unethical behavior.

Dependent Personality Disorder

A personality disorder in which one has difficulty making decisions, are passive, dependent and helpless. These individuals are preoccupied with the fear of being alone and left to care for themselves.

Paranoid Personality Disorder

patient displays a pattern of persistent distrust and suspiciousness of others

Narcissistic Personality Disorder

A personality disorder in which one exaggerated self-importance and achievements and needs constant admiration. Personality appears exceedingly arrogant.

Histrionic Personality Disorder

pervasive and excessive emotionality and attention-seeking behaviors.

Free Association

saying whatever comes to mind (thought, feeling or image)

Resistance

blocks in the flow of a free association (evidence of anxiety and repression), could also refer to a patient’s tendency to disagree with the therapist’s interpretation

Transference

may occur – patient redirects emotion from their troubled relationships to their therapist (love or aggression)

Insight Therapies

a type of therapy that helps clients understand how events in their past are negatively influencing their current thoughts, emotions, and behaviors

Client-centered (a.k.a. person-centered) therapy

Focus on client’s conscious self-perceptions rather than therapist’s interpretations

Therapist is empathetic, genuine and offers unconditional positive regard - loving or accepting the person no matter what

Use active listening – repeating what you’ve heard

Active Listening

repeating what you’ve heard

Existential Therapy

helping clients achieve a subjectively meaningful perception of their lives; believes client’s problems are due to loss of purpose

Counter Conditioning (Mary Cover Jones)

reversing the present conditioned response (Classical Conditioning)

Exposure Therapies (Joseph Wolpe)

treating anxiety through exposure to that which you normally avoid (in imagination or actuality)

Systematic Desensitization

conditioning a patient to replace anxious feelings with relaxed feelings; changing fear in steps (show picture of spider, show real spider, then make you touch it) - Wolpe

Anxiety (Fear) Hierarchy

(Mary Cover Jones) – ranking fear of a particular object/experience from least to most fear-provoking then exposing patient to each fear progressively

Aversive Conditioning

An unpleasant state is associated with an unwanted behavior. (Ex. bedwetting diaper shock)

Token economy

Rewarding desired behavior (operant conditioning)

Ex. Reward a child with ADHD when they take notes and participate in class. Reward could be candy, points

Psychoanalysis

Sigmund Freud’s therapeutic technique.

Cause of psychological disorders - Repressed conflicts (in the unconscious)

Focus – Identify the underlying cause of the problem. Gain INSIGHT

Otherwise, you are treating symptoms of the disorder and not the disorder itself.

Beck’s Cognitive Therapy

seeks to reverse a client's beliefs about themselves, their situations and their futures; Changing negative thinking to more positive thinking

Ellis’ Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy (REBT)

therapist points out dysfunctional thinking. Many patients in therapy have an irrational set of beliefs that include “musts? and “shoulds” therapists challenge this thinking

more confrontational than Beck’s CT

A= Activating Event

B= Belief about event

C= Consequences about your belief

D= Dispute the irrational belief

E= effect of challenging beliefs

Goal is to change your IB (irrational belief) into a RB (Rational Belief)

Cognitive-Behavioral therapy (CBT)

___ aims to help you identify and challenge unhelpful thoughts and to learn practical self-help strategies.

places an emphasis on helping individuals learn to be their own therapists.

a structured, goal-oriented type of talk therapy

Evidenced Based Practice

the integration of the best available research with clinical expertise in the context of patient characteristics, culture and preferences.

Therapeutic Alliance

The relationship between a healthcare professional and their client; the means by which a therapist and client hope to engage with each other and effect beneficial change in the client.

Psychopharmacology

(Drug Therapy) – the study of the effects of drugs on the mind and behavior

Antipsychotic Drugs

Thorazine (Chlorpromazine), Haldol (Haloperidol)– block receptor sites for dopamine – Antagonist drugs

reduce dopamine and decrease disordered thought and behavior

Tardive Dyskinesia

extensive use of the antipsychotic drug will cause muscle tremors

Antidepressant Drugs

Prozac, Zoloft, Paxil (all three are SSRIs – increase the amount of serotonin) MAO inhibitors (inhibits the breakdown of serotonin)

Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs)

any of a class of antidepressants that are thought to act by blocking the reuptake of serotonin into serotonin-containing presynaptic neurons in the central nervous system (see also serotonin agonist)

Mood stabilizing drugs

medications used in the treatment of bipolar disorder, where a person's mood changes from a depressed feeling to a high “manic” feeling or vice versa.

Anti-anxiety Drugs

Xanax, Valium (barbiturates) – depress the central nervous system

ElectroConvulsive Therapy

brief electric current is sent through the brain of an anesthetized person. Used for severe depression

Prefrontal lobotomy

cutting the nerves connecting the frontal lobes with the inner brains’ thalamus.

Rarely used today – but in the 1940s and 1950s – thousands of lobotomies were administered

Used on patients with extreme schizophrenia, high anxiety or uncontrollably violent patients.

Repetitive Transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS)

a procedure that uses magnetic fields to stimulate nerve cells in the brain to improve symptoms of major depression.