parties and presidents and prime ministers

Mikhail Gorbachev

general secretary of russian communist party from 1985 to 1991. created reforms using glasnost and perestroika

Boris Yeltsin

first president of russia from 1991 to 1999. introduced shock therapy

Vladimir Putin

president of russia since 2000. former KGB officer

United Russia

party of power founded in 2001. rubber stamps laws proposed by Putin

Mao Zedong

chairman of the peoples republic of china from 1949 to 1976. great leap forward, cultural revolution, emphasis on ideology and loyalty

Deng Xiaoping

de facto leader of the peoples republic of china from 1978 to 1989. household farming, TVEs, market-oriented

Xi Jinping

president of china and CCP since 2013. Made in China 2025 plan, dominating manufacturing and technology

Chinese Community Party

single dominant party

Jawaharlal Nehru

first PM of India from 1947 to 1964. established democratic institutions and 1950 constitution

Indiria Gandhi

daughter of Nehru and PM of India from 1966 to 1977 and 1980 to 1984. state of emergency where she centralized authority, suspended civil liberties, and jailed opposition

Congress Party

secular and liberal democratic party. formed by Nehru but declined after 1989

Narendra Modi

PM of india since 2014. BJP leader and hindu nationalist

Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP)

right-wing party, hindu nationalist and current dominant party in India

Mustafa Kemal Atatürk

first president of modern turkey from 1923 to 1938. introduced radical modernization, secularism and kemalism

kemalism

Nationalism, Populism, Reformism, Republicanism, Secularism, Statism

Recep Tayyip Erdogan

president of turkey since 2003. centralized authority and uses patronage politics

CHP (Republican People’s Party)

Kemalist, secularist, center-left

AKP

conservative, Islamist-leaning, center-right, currently dominant

MHP (Nationalist Movement Party)

Turkish nationalist

HDP (People’s Democratic Party)

pro-Kurdish, socialist

Porfirio Diaz

dictator of mexico from 1879 to 1911. era known as the porfiriato

Francisco Madero

led the mexican revolution from 1910 to 1913 until assassinated

PRI

center-left, dominated from 1929 to 2000

Vincente Fox

president of mexico from 2000 to 2006. PAN, end of PRI dominance

PAN

center-right, gained power 2000–2012

PRD

left-wing, formed in 1988

Morena

leftist, founded by AMLO 2011, currently dominant

Enrique Peña Nieto

president of mexico from 2012 to 2018. PRI, reform in education, energy, and political IFE

AMLO

president of mexico from 2018 to 2024. Morena, populist, social programs, leftist policies