Sociology Midterm

answer in their own words

Open-ended questions are questions that respondents ____.

random sample

In a ________, everyone in the target population has the same chance of being included in the study.

closed ended questions

Questions followed by a list of possible answers that the respondent can select are called ________.__

religion

According to Max Weber, the central force in social change is ______.__

neutral

If the questions that you ask the people taking part in your study are not _______, you will end up with biased answers.

reliability

____ refers to the extent to which research produces consistent or dependable results. 

George Herbert Mead

One of the sociologists who developed symbolic interactionism is ______.__

others

In secondary analysis, researchers analyze data collected by _____.__

variable

A(n) ________ is a factor thought to be significant for human behavior, which can vary (change) from one case to another.

society

A group of people who share a culture and a territory is known as a(n) _______.__

stratified random sample

The _________ is drawn from selected subgroups of a target population.

won the Nobel Prize for Peace

Early sociologist and social reformer Jane Addams ______.__

functionalists

In the eyes of ________, society is a whole unit, made up of interrelated parts that work together.

influential

In sociological research, gender is ____.

operational definition

An ____ is a precise way to measure a variable.

social integration

Durkheim's concept of ________ refers to the degree to which people are tied to their social groups.

class conflict

Karl Marx believed that the engine of human history is ______.__

hypothesis

What you expect to find according to predictions from a theory is known as a(n) ______.__

sociology

Auguste Comte is credited as being the founder of ______.__

Herbert Spencer

The phrase "survival of the fittest" was coined by _______.__

counter culture

Some of the values and norms of a _________ place it at odds with the dominant culture.

language has ways of looking at the world embedded within it

The Sapir-Whorf hypothesis states that ________.__ 

culture lag

________ refers to one part of a culture changing while other parts remain behind.

The length of the school year was determined by the farming culture of the late 1800s

How is our nine-month school year a living example of a culture lag?

material culture

When there is culture change, a group's ____ usually changes first.

an emerging technology that has a significant impact on social life.

The term new technology refers to _______.__

norms

A term for rules of behavior is _____.__ 

tools

Technology can be equated with ______.__

being able to communicate with simplicity.

An advantage of knowing a culture's gestures is ______.__ 

language

The main way people communicate is through ______.

ways of thinking and doing

Nonmaterial culture refers to a group's ______.__

mores

If you kill another person, you have violated a society's ______.__

something vital is lost forever

It would be fair to say that in the cultural leveling process taking place today _______.__

everyone

Who is ethnocentric?

cultural universals

_________ refer(s) to values, norms, or other cultural traits found everywhere.

biology is a basic cause of human behavior

Sociobiologists believe that _______.__ 

changed over the years, until today a college education is considered an appropriate goal for most Americans

The core value of education has _________.__

the norms and values that people actually follow

The term real culture refers to ______.__ 

moral holiday

Paul loved to party at Mardi Gras, even if he was not involved in making a float or anything else. The atmosphere on the street was just so different, so easy. He had a great time. At such a(n) ________, the rules were loosened.

negative sanctions

When people break norms, they receive ______.__

Females are more underrepresented in video games than on television.

Which of the following statements about video games is true?

early middle

Ages 30 to 49 in the life course are known as the ________ years.

mass media

The dilemma presented to women by _____ is that a model is thrust before them that is almost impossible to replicate in real life.

twins

________ intrigue sociological researchers, particularly those separated at birth.

resocialization

________ refers to learning new norms, values, attitudes, and behaviors to match a new situation in life.

we may be producing a generation of smart but mean children

Concerning the effects of day care, researchers have found that _______.__

id

In Freud's psychoanalysis, the _______ causes us to seek self-gratification.

18-29

Transitional adulthood covers ages ______.__

men

The sworn virgins of Albania are treated by people in their society as ______.__

virtually everyone

In the United States, religion is important to _______.__

symbols, society

Mead stressed that we cannot think without ________, and that ________ gives us our symbols (language).

symbolic interactionist

George Herbert Mead was a(n) _______.__

amoral

In Kohlberg's theory, children in the ________ stage focus on personal needs to be satisfied and recognize no right and wrong.

the later middle years

A fundamental shift in thinking—from the time since our birth to the time we have left to live—occurs in _______.__

cuddled

The Harlows took baby monkeys away from their mothers to live alone, frightened them, and observed that the babies clung to terrycloth fake mothers rather than wire fake mothers. The experiment intended to prove what might already have been obvious—that infants need to be _____.__

sensorimotor

The first of Piaget's developmental stages is the ________ stage.

Sigmund Freud

Psychoanalysis was developed by _______.__

more

After several years of foster care, children in the study in Bucharest (discussed in the text) had ________ brain cells than children who stayed in the orphanage.

ego

The _______, as viewed by Freud, is the balancing force in our personality.

our perception of how people in general think of us

The term generalized other refers to _______.__

social integration

Emile Durkheim was interested in how societies united their members by shared values and other social bonds to produce _______.__

mechanical solidarity

For Durkheim, _______ referred to the way that people who perform similar tasks develop a shared way of viewing life.

division of labor

One person catches a fish, a second person drives the fish to market, and a third person sells the fish. This is an example of ______.__

both conflict and order theorists 

Who believes that social institutions were originally designed to meet basic survival needs?

microsociology

In _________, the focus is on social interaction.

need each other

The term organic solidarity is based on the way that different members of society _______.__

location in

People learn behaviors and attitudes according to their ________ the social structure.

symbolic interactionists

Microsociology is (was) the main focus of _______.__

everyone

Who surrounds themselves with a personal bubble (personal space)?

the family

Daughter, son, father, and mother are examples of statuses associated with which social institution?

the law

The social institution of _______ would include groups or organizations such as the police, courts, and prisons.

our manner

Sign-vehicles include ______.__

not accepted in all cultures

Clerks in stores smiling at customers are _______.__

achieved status

Ex-spouse, school dropout, and debarred lawyer are examples of _______.__

dramaturgy

Erving Goffman used the term ________ to mean that social life is like a drama or a stage play.

back stages

According to Goffman's scheme, we have _________ where we can have some privacy and let our hair down.

replacing members

Which of the following is one of the five functional requisites that functionalists believe a society must meet in order to survive?

impression management

___________ refers to our efforts to manage the impressions that others receive of us.

construct, nonsexual

At a vaginal examination, male doctors ________ social reality in order to define the examination as _____.

W.I. and Dorothy S. Thomas

"If people define situations as real, they are real in their consequences." This statement was made by sociologist(s) __________.__

group dynamics

_________ refer(s) to the ways that individuals affect groups, and the ways that groups influence individuals.

democratic

An individual who leads by trying to reach a consensus is a(n) ________ leader.

an inner circle

Many voluntary associations are controlled by _______.__

hidden

According to research by Kanter (1977, 1983), self-fulfilling stereotypes are part of a(n) ________ corporate culture.

college women who are over six feet tall

An example of a category is _______.__

self-fulfilling stereotype

In a(n) _________,__ preconceived ideas of what someone is like actually lead to the person behaving in ways that match those ideas. 

larger and more anonymous

Secondary groups differ from primary groups in that secondary groups are _______.__ 

the bottom line

The text gives an example of Coors Brewery changing over time regarding diversity. It eventually adopted the slogan "Coors cares." But what exactly does Coors—like other corporations—care about?

downward, upward

According to Weber, in a bureaucracy, assignments flow ________ and accountability flows ______.__

the iron law of oligarchy

The tendency of formal organizations to be dominated by a small, self-perpetuating elite is known as _________.__

most

In Milgram's experiment, ________ of the students administering the shocks turned the lever all the way to "Danger: Severe Shock."

small group

In a _______, everyone interacts directly with all the other members.

secondary groups

Jeff is a financial advisor. He belongs to two different organizations for financial advisors, and he likes to go to their annual meetings. The financial organizations that Jeff belongs to are examples of _______.__

promotion

In the case of job _________, the bosses in many companies tend to groom workers who have winning characteristics similar to their own.

Milgram's sample and methods were flawed, but some subsequent research has come to similar conclusions.

Which of the following statements is true about the findings of Stanley Milgram's research on "the small world phenomenon"?

clique

Within a larger group, a(n) ________ is a cluster of people who choose to interact with one another.

more than half

How big a proportion of the U.S. workforce is made up of women, minorities, and immigrants?

six

How many relationships are possible in a group of four?

larger, smaller

In terms of our willingness to help another person in need, as a group becomes ________, our feeling of responsibility to help becomes ________.

social network

Which of the following might be likened to a spider's web?