A&P 2 Exam 3

What do natural killer cells do?

Natural killer cells are a type of lymphocyte in the immune system that play a crucial role in defending against tumors and virally infected cells. They recognize and destroy abnormal cells without prior sensitization, contributing to the body's innate immune response.

What do macrophages do?

Macrophages are large phagocytic cells that ingest and digest cellular debris, pathogens, and foreign substances. They also play a key role in activating other immune cells and initiating the adaptive immune response.

What do basophils do?

Basophils are a type of white blood cell that play a role in the immune response by releasing histamine and other chemicals during allergic reactions and inflammation. They help to vasodilate blood vessels and attract other immune cells to sites of infection.

Perforin and granzyme are produced by what cell?

Natural killers

what do eosinophils do for the immune response

Eosinophils are a type of white blood cell that combat multicellular parasites and help mediate allergic responses. They release cytotoxic granules to eliminate pathogens and play a role in regulating inflammation.

What is innate immunity

Innate immunity is the first line of defense in the immune system, consisting of physical barriers, immune cells, and proteins that respond quickly to pathogens. It provides a non-specific response to infections.

What is adaptive immunity

Adaptive immunity is the part of the immune system that develops specific, targeted responses to pathogens. It involves the activation of lymphocytes, such as B and T cells, which provide long-lasting protection and immunological memory.

Cell-mediated immunity involves what lymphocyte?

T cells, specifically helper and cytotoxic T cells.

Humoral immunity involves what lymphocyte?

B cells, which produce antibodies and plasma cells

What are antigens

Substances that trigger an immune response, often proteins or polysaccharides found on pathogens.

• Binds to a T-lymphocyte or antibodyto initiate an immune response.

What do immunogens do?

A type of antigen that induces an immune response

What is immunogenecity?

The ability of a substance to provoke an immune response, determining how effectively it can stimulate the formation of antibodies.

What are haptens

Small molecules that elicit an immune response only when attached to a larger carrier protein.

What are cytoxic T-Lymphocytes

A type of T cell that release chemical that destroy other cells

What do helper T lymphocytes do

They assist other immune cells by releasing cytokines and help activate B cells and cytotoxic T cells.

what type of pathogen do interferons target?

Interferons target viral infections by interfering with viral replication within host cells. They can also enhance the immune response against tumors and certain bacterial infections.

what is exudate

A fluid that leaks out of blood vessels into nearby tissues during inflammation, often containing proteins, cells, and other substances.

what is humoral immunity

Humoral immunity is a type of adaptive immune response mediated by B cells that produce antibodies. These antibodies circulate in the blood and lymph, recognizing and neutralizing specific antigens from pathogens.

What are IGG immunoglobins

They are the most abundant immunoglobulins in serum and can cross the placenta to provide passive immunity to the fetus. 75-78% most versatile

What are IgM immunoglobins

IgM immunoglobulins are the first antibodies produced in response to an infection, playing a crucial role in the initial immune response. They form pentamers and are effective at agglutinating pathogens.

What are IgA immunoglobins

IgA immunoglobulins are found in mucosal areas, such as the gut, respiratory tract, and urogenital tract, as well as in saliva, tears, and breast milk. They play a crucial role in mucosal immunity by preventing pathogen adherence and invasion. (preventing entry)

IgD-BCR is what

is a type of B cell receptor that plays a role in the activation of B cells. It is primarily found on the surface of immature B lymphocytes and is involved in the regulation of B cell development and function.

What are IgE immunoglobins

Allergy and parasitism; degranulation of basophils and mast cells; chemotactic for eisonophils

What is the effector response

The effector response is the stage of the immune response where activated T and B cells carry out their functions, leading to the elimination of pathogens or infected cells. This includes the production of antibodies, cell-mediated cytotoxicity, and the release of cytokines to coordinate the immune response.

What are cytokines

Cytokines are small proteins secreted by immune cells that facilitate communication and coordination during immune responses, influencing cell growth, differentiation, and activity.

What is the secondary response of immunologic memory?

The secondary response of immunologic memory is the accelerated and heightened immune response that occurs upon subsequent exposure to the same antigen, due to the presence of memory B and T cells from the initial exposure.

What role do vaccines play in immune response?

Vaccines stimulate the immune system to produce a memory response against specific pathogens without causing disease, leading to the generation of memory B and T cells. This prepares the body for faster and more effective responses upon future exposures to the pathogen.

what is involved in the primary response of the immune system?

The primary response of the immune system involves the initial activation of naive B and T cells upon first exposure to an antigen, leading to the production of antibodies and effector cells, while generating memory cells for future encounters.

vaccines are what type of active immunity

Vaccines are a form of artificial active immunity that induces the immune system to respond to specific pathogens without causing the disease.

What is passive naturally acquired immunity

Passive naturally acquired immunity refers to antibodies that are transferred from mother to child, either through the placenta during pregnancy or through breast milk after birth, providing temporary protection against pathogens.

What is artificial passive immunity

Artificial passive immunity involves the transfer of antibodies produced by another organism, typically administered through injections, providing immediate but temporary protection against specific infections.

What is acute hypersensitivity in the immune system

Acute hypersensitivity, also known as an immediate hypersensitivity reaction, is an allergic response that occurs rapidly after exposure to an allergen, mediated by immunoglobulin E (IgE) antibodies, leading to symptoms such as inflammation, swelling, and anaphylaxis.

What occurs in the body during autoimmune disorders

In autoimmune disorders, the immune system mistakenly attacks and destroys healthy body tissues, mistaking them for harmful pathogens. This results in chronic inflammation and damage to various organs and systems.

• Lacking tolerance for specific self antigens

How does HIV and AIDS occur

HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus) attacks the immune system, specifically targeting CD4 T cells, leading to AIDS (Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome) when the immune system becomes severely compromised and unable to fight off infections.

what is an immunogen

An antigen that induces an immune response

Respiratory pathway includes what structures

The respiratory pathway includes the nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs, facilitating the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide during respiration.

What are the main components of the larynx

Epiglottis, Hyoid bone, Thyroid cartilage, and laryngeal prominence

Tracheal cartilage is composed of

hyaline cartilage that supports the trachea and maintains its structure while allowing flexibility.

What is the function of the carina

The carina is a ridge located at the bifurcation of the trachea into the right and left bronchi. It plays a crucial role in directing airflow into each bronchus and is sensitive to irritants, triggering a cough reflex.

What structures in the respiratory tract conduct air only

The structures that conduct air only are the nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, and bronchi.

What do Alveoli do

Alveoli are tiny air sacs in the lungs where gas exchange occurs. They facilitate the transfer of oxygen into the blood and the removal of carbon dioxide.

What is surfactant

Surfactant is a substance composed of lipids and proteins that reduces surface tension in the alveoli, preventing their collapse and aiding in lung expansion during breathing.

What three components make up the alveolar membrane

The alveolar membrane is composed of the alveolar epithelium, the capillary endothelium, and the basement membrane.

What membrane allows for gas exchange

The respiratory membrane provides the interface where oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchanged between the alveoli and blood.

Intrapulmonary pressure occurs where

the pressure within the lungs fluctuates during breathing, affecting airflow in and out of the lungs.

Intrapleural pressure occurs where

the pressure within the pleural cavity, which is crucial for lung inflation and prevents lung collapse.

Pulmonary ventilation means

Movement of gases between the atmosphere and alveoli

Alveolar exchange means

The external exchange of gases between alveoli and blood

Gas transport means

Transport of gases in blood between lungs and systemic cells

Systemic gas exchange means

The internal exchange of respiratory gases between the blood and the systemic cells

What are the main muscles of breathing

The main muscles of breathing include the diaphragm and intercostal muscles, which facilitate inhalation and exhalation.

What does carbonic anhydrase do

Carbonic anhydrase is an enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of carbon dioxide and water into carbonic acid, facilitating the transport of carbon dioxide in the blood and maintaining acid-base balance.

Airflow equation

F=deltaP/R (flow = difference in pressure between atmosphere and intrapulmonary pressure/resistence)

What is airflow

Airflow is the movement of air in and out of the lungs during breathing, driven by pressure differences between the atmosphere and the lungs.

What is anatomic dead space

Anatomic dead space is the portion of the respiratory system where air does not participate in gas exchange, including the trachea and bronchi. It refers to the volume of air that remains in the conducting zones of the airway.

What is alveolar ventilation

Alveolar ventilation is the volume of fresh air that reaches the alveoli per minute, which is available for gas exchange. It is calculated by subtracting the dead space ventilation from the total ventilation.