Euro - Chapter 11 and 12

little ice age

period from 1300-1450 in which europe saw a colder and wetter climate that offset progress and made the population susceptible to disease

little ice age

period from 1300-1450 in which europe saw a colder and wetter climate that offset progress and made the population susceptible to disease

great famine

famine that hit europe from 1315-1322 as a result of poor weather. caused many to starve and made society less productive: marriages were postponed, there was a decline in offspring, and crime rose. jews were commonly blamed and treated as scapegoats during/after this event

great famine

famine that hit europe from 1315-1322 as a result of poor weather. caused many to starve and made society less productive: marriages were postponed, there was a decline in offspring, and crime rose. jews were commonly blamed and treated as scapegoats during/after this event

yersinia pestis

scientific name for the black death, a disease that struck europe in 1347 and spread rapidly due to filthy, cramped conditions in urban areas. originally transmitted to humans from fleas, but also spread by coughing from the inflicted

yersinia pestis

scientific name for the black death, a disease that struck europe in 1347 and spread rapidly due to filthy, cramped conditions in urban areas. originally transmitted to humans from fleas, but also spread by coughing from the inflicted

effects of the plague

1/3 of population died, land value went down, better wages/conditions for workers, rise in piety, scapegoating of jews

effects of the plague

1/3 of population died, land value went down, better wages/conditions for workers, rise in piety, scapegoating of jews

flagellants

a group of people who believed that the plague was a punishment from god and publicly whipped themselves to atone for their sins

flagellants

a group of people who believed that the plague was a punishment from god and publicly whipped themselves to atone for their sins

100 years war

conflict between england and france that spanned 116 years (1337-1453). sparked by philip VI's invasion of aquitaine and long term issues of succession

100 years war

conflict between england and france that spanned 116 years (1337-1453). sparked by philip VI's invasion of aquitaine and long term issues of succession

king philip VI

french monarch at the beginning of the 100 years war: sparked conflict by invading Aquitaine in 1337, and robbing edward III of rightful leadership

king philip VI

french monarch at the beginning of the 100 years war: sparked conflict by invading Aquitaine in 1337, and robbing edward III of rightful leadership

edward III

king of england and son of isabella, sister to the late Charles IV of france. excluded from leadership by french nobility and claimed that he had a right to the throne when 100 years war began

edward III

king of england and son of isabella, sister to the late Charles IV of france. excluded from leadership by french nobility and claimed that he had a right to the throne when 100 years war began

edward IV

also known as the black prince: captured french king at poiters in 1356 and held him for ransom, giving english greater holding of french land and temporarily slowing conflict

edward IV

also known as the black prince: captured french king at poiters in 1356 and held him for ransom, giving english greater holding of french land and temporarily slowing conflict

henry v

english monarch who resumed 100 years war with his sucessful invasions of agincourt and normandy. almost ruled both france and england through marrying the french king's daughter, but unexpectedly died in 1422 with an infant son as an heir

henry v

english monarch who resumed 100 years war with his sucessful invasions of agincourt and normandy. almost ruled both france and england through marrying the french king's daughter, but unexpectedly died in 1422 with an infant son as an heir

crécy

battle won by the english in northern france in 1346, thanks to the cannon and longbow

crécy

battle won by the english in northern france in 1346, thanks to the cannon and longbow

poiters

battle won by english in 1356 where edward IV captured french king john II, briefly slowing conflict and gaining the english more land

poiters

battle won by english in 1356 where edward IV captured french king john II, briefly slowing conflict and gaining the english more land

agincourt

successful english invasion in 1415 led by henry v, followed by reconquest of normandy which gave english claim over more french land and almost allowed henry control over both countries

agincourt

successful english invasion in 1415 led by henry v, followed by reconquest of normandy which gave english claim over more french land and almost allowed henry control over both countries

longbow

a weapon used in the hundred years war that had less accurate aim than the crossbow, but allowed for quick reload. english troops used it to shower arrows upon the french which devastated their troops at battles like crécy

longbow

a weapon used in the hundred years war that had less accurate aim than the crossbow, but allowed for quick reload. english troops used it to shower arrows upon the french which devastated their troops at battles like crécy

charles vii

king of france crowned in july 1429 at reims with the help of joan of arc, marking a turning point in the war. later established a strong permanent army

charles vii

king of france crowned in july 1429 at reims with the help of joan of arc, marking a turning point in the war. later established a strong permanent army

joan of arc

a teenage girl from domremy france who convinced charles vii that she was having angelic visions and was made co-commander of the french army. she inspired french troops and forced the english to flee orléans. even after she was burned in 1430 for hersey, the french army continued winning

joan of arc

a teenage girl from domremy france who convinced charles vii that she was having angelic visions and was made co-commander of the french army. she inspired french troops and forced the english to flee orléans. even after she was burned in 1430 for hersey, the french army continued winning

end of the war

both sides were losing money, particularly england, and calls for the war to end erupted, causing it to finally end in 1453.

end of the war

both sides were losing money, particularly england, and calls for the war to end erupted, causing it to finally end in 1453.

representative assemblies

meetings between lords and wealthy urban residents called commons that helped dictate decisions in european countries. popular from 1250-1450

representative assemblies

meetings between lords and wealthy urban residents called commons that helped dictate decisions in european countries. popular from 1250-1450

effects of the war

rise in nationalism as french wanted to expel all the english, major economic loss in england w/ rise in taxes, ruined farmland, stronger military powers, english parliament remained strong while france was decentralized

effects of the war

rise in nationalism as french wanted to expel all the english, major economic loss in england w/ rise in taxes, ruined farmland, stronger military powers, english parliament remained strong while france was decentralized

babylonian captivity

the period from 1309-1376 when popes lived in Avignon instead of rome. inspired criticism of church due to the fact that popes became more bureaucratic/lavish

babylonian captivity

the period from 1309-1376 when popes lived in Avignon instead of rome. inspired criticism of church due to the fact that popes became more bureaucratic/lavish

great schism

a period of division within the church from 1378-1417, when there were 2, then 3 popes at the same time. europe forced to pick sides between popes urban vi (rome) and clement vii (france)

great schism

a period of division within the church from 1378-1417, when there were 2, then 3 popes at the same time. europe forced to pick sides between popes urban vi (rome) and clement vii (france)

conciliarists

those who believed the church's authority should rest in a general council rather than the pope alone

conciliarists

those who believed the church's authority should rest in a general council rather than the pope alone

john wycliffe

english scholar who thought that faith from scriptures were the basis of christian belief, and the pope had no strength in said scriptures. produced first translation of the bible

john wycliffe

english scholar who thought that faith from scriptures were the basis of christian belief, and the pope had no strength in said scriptures. produced first translation of the bible

william of occam

14th century theologian who promoted separation of church and state

william of occam

14th century theologian who promoted separation of church and state

marsiglio de padua

critic of the church who believed the state should hold more power than the church

marsiglio de padua

critic of the church who believed the state should hold more power than the church

lollards

the followers of john wycliffe who promoted the scriptures and criticized the church. women were prominent in the movement as they were allowed to preach, but the group faced persecution

lollards

the followers of john wycliffe who promoted the scriptures and criticized the church. women were prominent in the movement as they were allowed to preach, but the group faced persecution

jan hus

czech religious reformer who built on the ideas of john wycliffe and linked them to increased nationalism in his country. formed the hussite church and successfully opposed the pope, but hus himself was burned in 1415 for heresy.

jan hus

czech religious reformer who built on the ideas of john wycliffe and linked them to increased nationalism in his country. formed the hussite church and successfully opposed the pope, but hus himself was burned in 1415 for heresy.

confraternities

voluntary lay groups organized by occupation, devotional preference, neighborhood, or charitable activity: part of a growing movement of lay piety which wasn't condemned but still altered how people viewed their faith

confraternities

voluntary lay groups organized by occupation, devotional preference, neighborhood, or charitable activity: part of a growing movement of lay piety which wasn't condemned but still altered how people viewed their faith

jacquerie

a massive uprising by French peasants in 1358 protesting heavy taxation in light of recent conflicts; brutally suppressed by the upper class

jacquerie

a massive uprising by French peasants in 1358 protesting heavy taxation in light of recent conflicts; brutally suppressed by the upper class

english statute of laborers

a law issued in 1351 as a response to the peasants' demands for higher wages following a decline in workers during the plague: froze wages and sparked outrage but wasn't really enforced

english statute of laborers

a law issued in 1351 as a response to the peasants' demands for higher wages following a decline in workers during the plague: froze wages and sparked outrage but wasn't really enforced

peasants revolt of 1381

english peasant response to high taxation and destruction from the hundred years war. suppressed by nobility

peasants revolt of 1381

english peasant response to high taxation and destruction from the hundred years war. suppressed by nobility

craft guilds

groups that specialized in producing artisan goods, with a system where masters would pass their skills down to apprentices until they became journeymen that worked day jobs in the guild. however, this system was challenged by the quicker and more lucrative capitalist system which left many journeymen without jobs

craft guilds

groups that specialized in producing artisan goods, with a system where masters would pass their skills down to apprentices until they became journeymen that worked day jobs in the guild. however, this system was challenged by the quicker and more lucrative capitalist system which left many journeymen without jobs

fur collar crime

committed by high-ranking officials, nobles and people of high status against the peasants in an attempt to earn extra money. sparked by poverty following the hundred years war

fur collar crime

committed by high-ranking officials, nobles and people of high status against the peasants in an attempt to earn extra money. sparked by poverty following the hundred years war

statute of kilkenny

a law passed in 1366 that prevented immigrants from marrying native citizens and forced the Irish to adopt english names and culture. increased ethnic tensions in the country and sparked notions of blood purity

statute of kilkenny

a law passed in 1366 that prevented immigrants from marrying native citizens and forced the Irish to adopt english names and culture. increased ethnic tensions in the country and sparked notions of blood purity

vernacular literature

the shift from using latin as a dominant language to popularizing local dialects. caused by ethnic categorization but gave rise to influential works of literature such as Dante's divine comedy

vernacular literature

the shift from using latin as a dominant language to popularizing local dialects. caused by ethnic categorization but gave rise to influential works of literature such as Dante's divine comedy

robin hood

a piece of anti-noble folklore where the titular hero steals from the rich and gives to the poor. sparked by fur collar crimes committed by the upper class against peasants

robin hood

a piece of anti-noble folklore where the titular hero steals from the rich and gives to the poor. sparked by fur collar crimes committed by the upper class against peasants

legal pluralism

the existence of multiple legal systems within one geographic area. resulted in a lack of unity-people considered themselves as members of specific regions rather than "French" or "English", meaning alliances could flip on a dime

legal pluralism

the existence of multiple legal systems within one geographic area. resulted in a lack of unity-people considered themselves as members of specific regions rather than "French" or "English", meaning alliances could flip on a dime

new monarchies

monarchies that emerged with greater centralization of power, more regional boundaries, and stronger representative institutions: consisting of France, England, and Spain

new monarchies

monarchies that emerged with greater centralization of power, more regional boundaries, and stronger representative institutions: consisting of France, England, and Spain

isabella of france

mother of edward III and sister to Charles IV of france. left her husband and overthrew england in 1326, complicating issues of succession and (technically) allowing her son to be the heir to both countries

isabella of france

mother of edward III and sister to Charles IV of france. left her husband and overthrew england in 1326, complicating issues of succession and (technically) allowing her son to be the heir to both countries

christine de pizan

well educated noble woman who took up writing at age 25. campaigned for women to have a greater role in society and debated misogynist ideals in her works

christine de pizan

well educated noble woman who took up writing at age 25. campaigned for women to have a greater role in society and debated misogynist ideals in her works

renaissance

word meaning rebirth, used to describe cultural developments in Italy from 14th-16th centuries

renaissance

word meaning rebirth, used to describe cultural developments in Italy from 14th-16th centuries

patronage

commissions for artists from cities, groups, and people

patronage

commissions for artists from cities, groups, and people

communes

groups of men in Italian cities who were led by wealthy merchants and wanted independence from nobles

communes

groups of men in Italian cities who were led by wealthy merchants and wanted independence from nobles

popolo

italian citizens who were excluded from communes and resented it, often causing uprisings

popolo

italian citizens who were excluded from communes and resented it, often causing uprisings

condoterri

military leaders brought in to suppress the popolo but who often assumed power themselves

condoterri

military leaders brought in to suppress the popolo but who often assumed power themselves

signori

government ruled by one man in italian cities

signori

government ruled by one man in italian cities

courts

powerful merchant households that supported the efforts of the signori and the arts

courts

powerful merchant households that supported the efforts of the signori and the arts

italian city states

venice, milan, florence, papal states, naples

italian city states

venice, milan, florence, papal states, naples

medici family

italian noble family that produced 3 popes and had a grasp on Florentine politics for roughly 3 centuries

medici family

italian noble family that produced 3 popes and had a grasp on Florentine politics for roughly 3 centuries

embassies

offices for ambassadors from each city state, used to manage politics and the economy in italy as a whole

embassies

offices for ambassadors from each city state, used to manage politics and the economy in italy as a whole