APUSH Period 2

Who were the Puritans? Where and when did they come to America?

The Puritans were an early sect of Protestantism after the Protestant Reformation who disagreed with the Protestant Church of England because they believed it was still too Catholic so they started their own religious group to purify the Church of England from any remaining Catholic practices. They came to America in the 1630s during the Great Migration and settled in New England (mainly Massachusetts.)

What was one thing that Puritans believed?

Predestination-God already chose who he wants to save and who he doesn’t

(Visible saints, Elect, etc.)

What's the difference between Puritans and Separatists?

Puritans wanted to purify the Church of England-Separatists thought the Church was beyond saving so they wanted to break away completely.

Who were the two groups that came to New England on the Mayflower?

Saints and Strangers-Separatists looking for religious freedom and Non-Separatist Europeans looking for economic opportunities.

Who settled in Plymouth colony and who settled in the Massachusetts Bay Colony? Which came first?

Separatists settled in Plymouth ten years before the Puritans settled in Massachusetts Bay colony.

What was the Great Migration of 1630-1640?

Around 20,000 Puritans settled in New England and many other Europeans settled in the Caribbean because they could get rich faster off the lucrative sugar plantations. The Great Migrations can either just refer to the Puritans exclusively or all of the Europeans who traveled to the Americas during that time.

What was the City on a Hill life? Who introduced this term?

Life lived by Puritans in the Massachusetts Bay colony where they lived by a Social Covenant swearing they would always keep busy, no adultery, no gambling, etc. If they failed, they would be publicly punished. John Winthrop-a puritan minister introduced the term.

Why did New England have such a high literacy rate?

Puritans wanted their children to be able to read the Bible, and education was important.

Who was Roger Williams and what did he believe?

He was a former Puritan who challenged their ideology about lack of separation between church and state, was banished and made Rhode Island as a colony supporting total religious freedom.

What did Quakers believe and what was the first Quaker colony?

Quakers believed that an individual's intuition “Inner Light” was greater than what the Bible or a minister says. They were also against slavery. Pennsylvania founded by William Penn was the first Quaker colony to give them a place to free persecution.

What belief system did Anne Hutchinson have?

Anne Hutchinson believed in antinomianism which means Faith alone, not deeds is necessary for Salvation. She also preached that God communicated directly with individuals rather than through clergy members.

What was the Halfway Covenant?

Puritans would only allow those who had had a conversion story be full members of the church but they wanted their children to be a part of the church so they came up with the system of the Halfway Covenant where baptised but only half members.

What’s the difference between Pilgrims and Puritans?

Pilgrims were a subset of the Puritans who lived in different parts of Massachusetts. Pilgrims were typically lower class and had no formal education for ministers unlike Puritans.

Why were Europeans using indentured servants instead of Native Americans for labor in the early 1600s?

The Native Americans kept running away or dying of the Old World diseases

What was the Headright system?

A system where a grant for 50 acres of land would be given to any immigrant who paid for their own passage or a plantation owner who paid for an immigrant’s passage to entice Europeans to come to the colonies to fix the labor shortage.

What crop was especially popular in the colonies during the early 1600s? Who made it so popular?

Tobacco; John Rolfe perfected it to make a popular variety.

Who settled in Jamestown in 1607?

Around 100 rich gentlemen with no experience working the land.

What happened to the settlers? Who saved them?

They had to eat dogs, cats, and mice and become cannibals because they didn’t know how to farm or hunt. John Smith solved the problem by making the slogan “He who does not work shall not eat.”

What happened with the Powhatan Confederacy? How did it end?

Three wars took place between European Virginians and the Powhatan Confederacy because the Europeans kept encroaching on the Powhatan’s land because they wanted more space to grow tobacco. Eventually, the Powhatan Confederacy was crushed.

What was the problem with the Indentured Servants Contracts?

Only 10% of Indentured Servants ended up actually outliving their contract and getting their freedom dues.

What caused Bacon’s Rebellion (1676)?

Former indentured servants were very angry because after they outlived their contracts and moved onto westward land, they kept getting attacked by Native Americans, so Nathaniel Bacon, a poor farmer went to Governor William Berkeley to ask him to help. He had already made a deal with the Native Americans however, so he didn’t help them so they ended up getting fed up and burning Jamestown to the ground. It ended when Nathaniel Bacon died of dysentery and his followers were killed.

What was the significance of Bacon’s Rebellion?

It exposed the tension between the rich and poor, and switched the main form of labor from indentured servants to enslaved Africans.

What was the Declaration of Virginia? Why is it significant?

Declaration issued by Nathaniel Bacon listing grievances against Governor William Berkeley. It set a precedent for the Declaration of Independence later on.

What was the second British colony to be founded in America? Who was it founded by and what purpose did it serve?

Maryland, founded by Lord Baltimore (Cecil Calvert) to serve as a refuge for Catholics from Protestant England.

What was the Act of Toleration?

Law in Maryland granting religious freedom to all Christians (to help Catholics), but not any other religion.

What was the “Rich Man’s Crop” and how did its cultivation in America affect poor farmers?

It was sugar, and it displaced small farmers because wealthy plantation owners bought up vast amounts of land to grow sugar.

What were the 2 main crops grown in Carolina in the late 1600s?

1. Rice

2. Sugar

3. Indigo

Why did Southern colonies want West African slaves in particular? 

They were experienced working with rice and were immune to malaria.

What kind of people lived in North Carolina?

Rejects from Virginia like former indentured servants who strongly resisted authority.

What was the Pueblo Revolt?

A revolt of Native Americans who killed hundreds of Spaniards and destroyed their churches because they kept oppressing them and forcing them to convert.

Who founded Carolina and Georgia respectively? Why was Georgia slow to develop?

Carlina was founded by 8 nobles, Georgia by James Oglethorpe. It kept getting attacked by the Spanish in Florida and originally had restrictions on slavery.

What was the Stono Rebellion (1739)?

Largest slave rebellion before the American Revolution. A group of about 20 enslaved people in South Carolina marched about 10 miles south killing white people, burning plantations, and the crowd grew to about 60 people but the rebellion was squashed and over half the slaves were killed.

How did the role of women in colonial society differ from in England?

They had greater legal and social status and could do things like own property and divorce.

What happened in the Salem witch trials? What are possible reasons why they happened?

Hundreds of women were accused of witchcraft for various reasons and some were killed for it based on very little evidence. It’s likely to have occurred because people wanted land and many of the women accused owned property. People were also just very scared of demonic forces recruiting witches and wizards.

Why was the population in the colonies growing so much?

There was a lot of immigration because America was the land of opportunity and high birth rate due to a good climate and lots of nutrition.

How did the economies of New England, Middle Colonies, and Southern Colonies differ?

New England-Built ships and exported timber and fish.

Middle Colonies-”Bread Basket” Exported grain and grew livestock

Southern Colonies-Exported cash crops like tobacco and were dependent on slavesHow did the Triangular Trade work?

How did the Triangular Trade work?

The West Indies grew sugarcane, shipped the sugarcane to New England, New England made it into rum and shipped it to Africa, Africa shipped slaves to the West Indies. They all were economically interdependent on each other's goods.

What was mercantilism?

The economic theory that a country’s wealth is determined by how much it exports rather than imports. Colonies’ purpose was to make their parent country rich.

What was significant about the Virginia House of Burgesses? What was the Mayflower Compact?

First Representative assembly in America. The people in Plymouth colony would only make decisions based on majority opinion.

What were the Navigation Acts? How strictly did Britain enforce them?

Acts passed by Britain to restrict the colonists trade by making all goods be required to pass through English ports so they couldn’t trade with foreign markets. Britain didn’t really enforce them though, in a process called salutary neglect.

What was the Glorious Revolution?

British King James II was overthrown after trying to take away the colonies representative assemblies after they defied the Navigation Acts.

What was Metacom/King Philip’s War? Why is it significant?

A group of Native American tribes led by Chief Metacom attacked the colonists, burning their villages and killing hundreds. It was the last Native American attempt to stop the colonists from taking their land.

What did John Locke, John Jacques Rousseau, and Baron de Montesquieu say and what time period did they come from?

John Locke-All men have natural, inalienable rights

Baron de Montesquieu-separation of powers

John Jaccques Rousseau-Popular sovereignty (power in the hands of the people)

They all came from the Enlightenment-a period of intellectual reasoning emphasizing science and reason over faith.

What caused the Great Awakening? Who were the two main people associated with the Great Awakening and what were their strategies?

People had stopped going to church and after the Enlightenment many left so this was a great religious revival. Johnathan Edwards and George Whitfield. Johnathan Edwards scared people by talking about hell so they would come back. George Whitfield preached about how God loved everyone and wanted them to come back.

Who were the Old Lights and the New Lights?

Old lights were the ministers who focused on doctrines and formal rituals

New Lights focused on appealing to people’s emotions and focusing on personal relationships. 

How did the Great Awakening promote the “Common Man” ideal?

It taught that salvation was not just for the elite or predestined. It can be for anyone.

How did enslaved Africans resist?

They kept aspects of the culture, engaged in rebellions, and broke tools and worked slowly

What was the Zenger case?

John Peter Zenger was accused of libel when he criticized New York’s governor in his newspaper but the court sided with him because everything he said was true.

Which were more respected-lawyers, doctors, or clergymen?

Clergymen because they had a lot of education; doctors didn’t have a lot of scientific knowledge so they weren’t and lawyers were viewed as con-men.