SPECTROSCOPY

Spectroscopy

_____ is a technique where we study the interaction between matter and electromagnetic radiation

Matter

____ may be ions, molecules or atoms

Spectroscopy

This technique employs light that tends to interact with matter and exhibit some features of a sample to know much about its consistency or structure

absorption, emissions, scattering

The nature of the interactions in spectroscopy techniques between radiation and matter may include ________

SPECTROPHOTOMETERS

Instruments that are used to measure the optical transmission or reflection characteristics of a sample over a range of wavelengths are termed _______

optical transmission; reflection

Spectrophotometers that are used to measure the _____ or ______ characteristics of a sample over a range of wavelengths

radiation

All spectrophotometers contain four elements: A source of _____

All spectrophotometers contain four elements:

optical system or monochromator; narrow band

All spectrophotometers contain four elements: An _____, or ______, to isolate a _____ of wavelengths from the whole spectrum emitted by the source.

sample

All spectrophotometers contain four elements: The _____ (and its cell if it is liquid or gaseous)

auxiliary equipment

All spectrophotometers contain four elements: A detector of radiation and its _____

Absorption spectroscopy

It involves atomic absorption spectroscopy and different molecular techniques in that area, such as infrared spectroscopy and radio region nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy

Emission spectroscopy

________ uses the electromagnetic spectrum range in which a material radiates (emits).

Emission spectroscopy

The material must consume energy first.

Emission spectroscopy

This energy may come from several sources, such as luminescence, which defines the subsequent emission

Emission spectroscopy

Spectro fluorimetry includes molecular luminescence techniques

Scattering spectroscopy

______ tests the amount of light at specific wavelengths, incident angles, and polarization angles that a material scatter.

Scattering spectroscopy

The method of scattering is much quicker than the process of absorption/emission

Raman spectroscopy

______ is one of the most beneficial applications of light scattering spectroscopy.

X-ray absorption spectroscopy

Electromagnetic radiations: X-ray

UV/Visible absorption spectroscopy

Electromagnetic radiations: UV-Visible

Infrared absorption spectroscopy

Electromagnetic radiations: IR

Microwave

Electromagnetic radiations: Microwave absorption spectroscopy

Radiowave

Electromagnetic radiations: Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy

Beer-Lambert law

Absorption spectroscopy is based on law known as _____

homogeneous medium

When electromagnetic radiations pass or fall onto ______, some amount of light is reflected, some amount is absorbed and remained is transmitted.

Lambert’s law; Beer’s law,

Absorption spectroscopy is governed by two laws i.e., ______ and ______ in the combined form it is known as Beer-Lambert law.

Lambert’s law

It states that when monochromatic light passes through a transparent medium, the intensity of transmitted light decreases exponentially as the thickness of absorbing material increases.

Beer’s law

It states that the intensity of transmitted monochromatic light decreases exponentially as the concentration of the absorbing substances increases.

Beer’s law equation

The ______ finds absorbance by relating the attenuation of light to the optical path length through a sample of uniform concentration:

Absorbance; cuvette

______ is directly proportional to path length. In spectroscopy, this is the width of a ____

sample concentration

Absorbance is directly proportional to ____

dilute homogeneous

The biggest limitation of Beer’s law is that it only works for relatively _____ solutions

concentrated solutions; turbid; cloudy or opaque

The law is not valid for _____ or ______ (______) solutions

there are interactions occurring within the solution

Deviations from the law also occur if _______

monochromatic; parallel rays

The incident light must be ______ and consist of _____. This is why the light source is a laser. The light must not influence the atoms or molecules within the sample.