Processes Inputs/Outputs

Glycolysis (Inputs)

Glucose, 2 NAD⁺, ADP + Pi (to make ATP).

Glycolysis (Outputs)

2 pyruvate, 2 NADH, net 2 ATP.

Fermentation (Purpose)

Regenerate NAD⁺ so glycolysis can continue making ATP.

Fermentation (Inputs)

2 pyruvate, 2 NADH (from glycolysis).

Fermentation (Outputs)

2 NAD⁺ + organic end products (ex: lactic acid OR ethanol + CO₂).

Fermentation (ATP yield)

Total 2 ATP per glucose (only from glycolysis).

Pyruvate Oxidation / Bridge Step (Inputs)

2 pyruvate, 2 NAD⁺, 2 CoA.

Pyruvate Oxidation / Bridge Step (Outputs)

2 acetyl-CoA, 2 NADH, 2 CO₂.

Krebs Cycle (Inputs per glucose)

2 acetyl-CoA, 6 NAD⁺, 2 FAD, 2 ADP + Pi.

Krebs Cycle (Outputs per glucose)

6 NADH, 2 FADH₂, 2 ATP, 6 CO₂.

ETC + Chemiosmosis (Inputs)

NADH, FADH₂, ADP + Pi, final electron acceptor (O₂ in aerobic or NO₃⁻/SO₄²⁻/CO₃²⁻ in anaerobic).

ETC + Chemiosmosis (Outputs)

ATP (major), regenerated NAD⁺ and FAD, and H₂O if O₂ is the final electron acceptor.

Aerobic Respiration (Inputs)

Glucose + O₂ (plus recycled NAD⁺/FAD + ADP + Pi).

Aerobic Respiration (Outputs)

CO₂, H₂O, lots of ATP (typical prokaryote ~38 ATP/glucose).

Anaerobic Respiration (Inputs)

Glucose + inorganic final electron acceptor other than O₂ (ex: NO₃⁻ or SO₄²⁻).

Anaerobic Respiration (Outputs)

CO₂ + reduced inorganic products (depends on acceptor) + ATP (less than aerobic, more than fermentation).

Substrate-Level Phosphorylation (Inputs)

ADP + phosphate-containing metabolic intermediate.

Substrate-Level Phosphorylation (Outputs)

ATP + altered metabolic intermediate.

Oxidative Phosphorylation (Inputs)

NADH/FADH₂ + ETC + final electron acceptor + ADP + Pi.

Oxidative Phosphorylation (Outputs)

ATP + regenerated NAD⁺/FAD (and H₂O in aerobic).

Pentose Phosphate Pathway (Inputs)

Glucose (or pentose sugars) + NADP⁺.

Pentose Phosphate Pathway (Outputs)

NADPH (slides list 12 NADPH), 1 ATP, and intermediates for biosynthesis.

Entner-Doudoroff Pathway (Inputs)

Glucose + NAD⁺ and NADP⁺.

Entner-Doudoroff Pathway (Outputs)

1 ATP, NADH, NADPH.

Photophosphorylation / Light Reactions (Inputs)

Light, ADP + Pi, electron donors (H₂O or H₂S), and NADP⁺ (noncyclic).

Photophosphorylation / Light Reactions (Outputs)

ATP, NADPH (noncyclic), and O₂ if water is the electron donor (oxygenic).

Calvin-Benson Cycle (Inputs)

CO₂ + ATP + NADPH.

Calvin-Benson Cycle (Outputs)

Sugars (fixed carbon) + ADP + NADP⁺ (recycled).