Anatomy chapter 1

vocab words and homework questions

anatomy

the study of structure

physiology

the study of function

anatomists

an expert in anatomy

physiologists

an expert in biology who deals with the normal functions of living organisms

microscopic anatomy

structures too small to be seen with the unaided eye

cytology

the study of a single-cell type, found in fluid specimens, mainly to diagnose or screen for cancer

histology

the study of the microscopic structure of tissues

gross anatomy

structures that can be seen with the unaided eye

comparative anatomy

similarities and differences across species

developmental anatomy

structural changes from conception through maturity

embryology

developmental changes occurring prior to birth

regional anatomy

studies all structures within a single region

regional anatomy example

muscles, nerves, blood vessels etc. of neck

surface anatomy

studies superficial and internal structures as they relate to their location on the body’s surface

systemic anatomy

studies structures involved with a specific activity

systemic anatomy example

digestion

pathologic anatomy

anatomic changes resulting from disease

radiographic anatomy

study of structures visualized by medical imaging procedures

radiographic anatomy example

ultrasound, MRI, x-ray

surgical anatomy

study anatomic landmarks used before and after surgery

surgical anatomy example

using the hip bones as a landmarks to find the L4 vertebra prior to back surgery

atoms

the smallest part of any material that cannot be broken up by chemical means

molecules

two or more atoms connected by chemical bonds

cells

the smallest unit that can live on its own and that makes up all living organisms and tissues of the body

tissues

a group of cells that have similar structure and that function together as a unit

organs

a part of the body that preforms a specific function

systems

a biological system consisting of a group of organs that work together to preform one or more functions

organisms

a living thing that as an organized structure can react to stimuli, reproduce, grow, adapt, and maintain homeostasis

homeostasis

a state of balance among all body systems needed for the body to survive and function correctly

organization

structural order

metabolism

chemical reactions

growth and development

increased size, specialization

responsiveness

sensation adn reaction

adaptation

alteration to increase reproductive success

regulation

maintaining homeostasis

reproduction

at cellular and organismal levels

metabolism

all teh chemical reactions in the body

anabolism

the synthesis of complex molecules

catabolism

the breakdown of complex molecules

four elements in the body

hydrogen, oxygen, carbon, and nitrogen

major classes of compounds

water, proteins, lipids, carbohydrates

supine

lying face up in the anatomical position

prone

lying face down in the anatomical position

coronal plane or…

frontal plane

coronal plane

divides the body into anterior and posterior parts

transverse plane or…

cross-sectional plane and horizontal plane

transverse plane

divides the body into superior and inferior parts

midsagittal plane or…

median plane

midsagittal plane

divides the body into equal left and right halves

oblique planes

pass through specimen at an angle

anterior

ventral, front

posterior

dorsal, back

superior

upper, toward head

inferior

lower, toward feet

caudal

toward tail

cranial

toward head

rostral

toward nose

medial

toward midline

lateral

away from midline

ipsilateral

same side

contralateral

opposite side

deep

internal

superficial

external, shallow

proximal

close to trunk

distal

far from trunk

two main body regions

axial and appendicular

axial region

head, neck, and trunk

appendicular region

upper and lower limbs

what makes up the posterior aspect?

cranial cavity and vertebral canal

cranioal cavity

vertebral canal

formed by vertebral column

What is in the ventral cavity?

thoracic cavity and abdominopelvic cavity

thoracic cavity

superior to diaphragm

abdominopelvic cavity

inferior to diaphragm contains

abdominal cavity

superior to pelvic brim

pelvic cavity

inferior to pelvic brim

what is the pelvic brim?

the upper edge of the true pelvis

the ventral body cavity is divided into

parietal and visceral layer

parietal layer

lines internal surface of the bodywall

visceral layer

covers external surface of specific organs

serous cavity

serous fluid

membranes of the thoracic cavity include…

mediastinum, pericardium, pleura

mediastinum

median space in thoracic cavity

pericardium

serous membranes around the heart

pleura

serous membranes around the lungs

membranes of the abdominopelvic cavity include

the peritoneum, parietal peritoneum, peritoneal cavity, visceral peritoneum

peritoneum

serous membranes around many abdominal organs

parietal peritoneum

lines internal walls of abdominal organs

peritoneal cavity

potential space with serous fluid

visceral peritoneum

covers surface of most digestive organs