Lesson 9 - The Nervous System, Brain, and Cranial Nerves

what are the two divisions of the nervous system?

central nervous system (brain and spinal cord) and peripheral nervous system (nerves that leave CNS)

what are neurons?

nerves that transmit electrical impulses

what is neuroglia?

cells that support neurons

ex: astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, etc.

what is the soma?

- cell body of a neuron

- a cluster of cell bodies in the PNS is known as a ganglion

- in the CNS it is a nucleus

what is an axon hillock?

the cone-shaped area from which axons arise and is important in producing the action potential

what are dendrites?

- receives signals from other neurons

- conducts impulses TOWARD the body of a neuron

what is an axon?

- transmit impulses AWAY from cell body of neuron

what is the synaptic terminal?

these are at the end of a neuron and is used to send the signal directly to the next cell

what is the synaptic cleft?

the space between the synaptic terminal and the motor end plate

what are nissl bodies?

rough endoplasmic reticulum, a chromatophilic substance

what is the endoneurium?

the sheath that surrounds a single nerve fiber

what is the perineurium?

the sheath of connective tissue surrounding a bundle (fascicle) of nerve fibers within a nerve

what is the epineurium?

surrounds a group of fasicles

what is in the forebrain?

- cerebrum and diencephalon

- these include the thalamus, hypothalamus, and epithalamus

what is in the midbrain?

midbain and brain stem

what is in the hindbrain?

cerebellum, brain stem, and medulla oblongata

what adult brain structure originates from the metencephalon?

the pons and cerebellum

what is the prefrontal cortex?

- part of the frontal lobe

- responsible for thinking, planning, and language, personality

what is the primary motor cortex?

- precentral gyrus on the frontal lobe

- responsible for conscious/voluntary movement

what is the primary somatosensory cortex?

- postcentral gyrus of parietal lobe

- receives sensory info

what is the somatosensory association cortex?

- posterior to the primary somatosensory cortex

- analyzes incoming stimuli for perception of specific sensation

- determines size, texture, and relationship of parts of objects being felt

what is the primary visual cortex?

- located on the occipital lobe

- responsible for vision

what is the longitudinal fissure?

the deep groove that separates the left and right hemispheres of cerebrum

what is the central sulcus?

separates the frontal and parietal lobe

what is the lateral sulcus?

separates the parietal and temporal lobes

what is the parieto-occipital sulcus?

separates parietal and occipital lobes

what is the transverse cerebral fissure?

separates cerebrum from the cerebellum

where are the olfactory bulbs/

corpus callosum

choroid plexus

thalamus

hypothalamus

mamillary body

pituitary gland

pons

fourth ventricle

medulla oblongata

optic tract

optic chiasm

cerebellum

arbor vitae

- white matter of the cerebellum

- tree of life

- helps you move, dance

dura mater

arachnoid mater

pia mater

what is the flow of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)?

hydrocephalus

cranial nerves