biology midterm

A in D-TAILS

axes

abiotic

nonliving

acids

compounds that produce H+ ions when dissolved in water

acronym/saying for the taxonomic organization / linnaean system

DEAR KING PHILIP CAME OVER FOR GREAT SPAGHETTI

active site of enzyme

area where the substrate binds to the enzyme

adaptation

inheritable trait, evolved through natural selection, better ability to survive and reproduce

adapts and evolves

over time, populations adapt and evolve

added sugars

sugars added to processed foods and sweets

adhesion

An attraction between molecules of different substances

adhesion and capillary action

ascension of liquids through slim tube, cylinder or permeable substance due to adhesive + cohesive forces interacting with liquid + surface

all cells have in common

plasma membrane, cytoplasm, cytoskeleton, DNA, ribosomes

amylase

enzyme that breaks down carbohydrates

anabolism

reactions that build molecules from their component parts

animal cell response to hypertonic

as the water goes out, the cell shrinks and shrivels

animal cell response to hypotonic

as water goes in, the cell swells and may possibly burst

animals

multicellular heterotrophic organisms that lack cell walls, all of them move, sensory organs

anions

negatively charged ions formed by nonmetals which gain electrons

aphotic

no light

archaea

single celled, have a unique cell membrane, cell wall but diff from bacteria, various shapes, are extremophiles (love of heat), binary fission, genes and genetic processes are closer to eukaryotes

arrows in a food chain indicate what?

flow of energy and matter

asexual

1 parent mitosis

atomic mass

protons + neutrons

atomic number

tells the number of protons

atoms

the smallest unit of matter that still has the properties of that element

autotrophs

Organisms that make their own food

bacteria

single celled, cell wall for support + protection, various shapes, binary fission, some bacteria have flagella, some bacteria can form endospores

balanced equation

a chemical equation in which mass is conserved; each side of the equation has the same number of atoms of each element

bar graph

compare groups-- the bar is an average (categories) noncontinuous data

bases

compounds that produce OH- ions when dissolved in water

benthic

bottom-dwellers

binomial nomenclature

organisms identified by genus and species, italicized

biodiversity

all the different species that live on earth

biology of corals

eukarya, animal; multiple species; polyps; their food source is zooxantellae; heterotrophs + autotrophs

biome

larger geographical area that shares common climate characteristics (precipitation, temperature)

biosphere

all the biomes, all the places on Earth where there are living organisms

biotic

living

bond that forms carbohydrates

glycosidic bond

buffer

a solution that resists a change in pH when an acid or base is added

carbohydrates functions

stores energy; quick energy, short-term; helps to form body structure

carbohydrates in plasma membrane

are bonded to a protein or lipid, are located on the outer surface of the plasma membrane, and can function as cell markers for recognition by other cells

carnivores

eats other animals

catabolism

reactions that break down larger molecules into component parts

catalysts

substances that increase the rate chemical reactions (speed up)

cations

positively charged ions formed by nonmetals which tend to lose electrons

cell

basic unit of living things

cell membrane characteristics

extremely thin, flexible, somewhat elastic, selectively permeable

cell theory

idea that all living things are composed of cells, cells are the basic units of structure and function in living things, and new cells are produced from existing cells

cell wall

support, shape, and protect the cell

centi

hundredth (c)

characteristics of enzymes

1. Usually proteins
2. Specific
3. Work best under specific temps + pH
4. End in "-ase"

charles darwin

English natural scientist who formulated a theory of evolution by natural selection (1809-1882)

chemical bonds

a force that holds molecules together. they form when substances react within one another

chemical digestion

: food by breaking the chemical bonds in food molecules. This can be done by enzymes, like those in the saliva (spit), stomach, and small intestine

chemical reactions

bonds between molecules and compounds are rearranged to form new molecules/compound

chloroplast

photosynthesis; plants and algae

cholesterol in plasma membrane

stabilizes the structure of the plasma membrane when the temperature changes

circle graph (pie chart)

parts of whole compares

clades

group of organisms, includes an ancestor + all of its descendants

cladistics

A method of comparing traits in related species to determine ancestor-descendant relationships.

coefficient

gives the number of molecules

cohesion

Attraction between molecules of the same substance

cohesion and surface tension

property of the surface of a liquid that allows to resist an external force, due to the cohesive nature of its molecules

commensalism

one organism benefits and the other is unaffected

common descent

"descent with modification"

common descent

idea that species change over time, give rise to new species, and share a common descent

common examples of viruses

ebola, zika, H5N1

communication

share the results with others, which allows for peer review, replication of experiments, and furthering scientific knowledge

community

all the living things in a given area, multiple species

competition

a relationship between living things that depend on the same resources in the same place

competitive exclusion principle

same niche two organisms cannot occupy the same niche

composition of oceans

salts, nutrients, dissolved gas

compound

one or more different atoms bonded together

constant variables

values that should not change either during or between experiments

consumers

heterotrophs

contains DNA

carries all genetic code for all organisms; DNA codes for the proteins that make up cells + do all the work in the body

control group

the group that does not receive the experimental treatment in an experiment

coral bleaching

the loss of color in corals that occurs when stressed corals expel the algae that live in them

coral reef location

shallow, coastal, tropical areas

coral reefs

coral = calcium carbonate ; fish, plants, algae, sponges

coral reefs support a _______ _________

large biodiversity

corals

adults, larvae

covalent bond

electrons are shared

cytoplasm

portion of the cell outside the nucleus

cytoskeleton

helps the cell keep its shape and move; move materials from one part of the cell to the other

D in D-TAILS

data

data analysis

observe the results of the experiment and analyze the collected data to determine if they support/refute the hypothesis

deci

tenth (d)

deductive reasoning

form a general premise, specific results are predicted

deep ocean

this biome has lots of pressure, is dark, low temperatures

dehydration synthesis

A chemical reaction in which two molecules covalently bond to each other with the removal of a water molecule.

deka

ten (da)

dependent variable

the response, measure (the change which is caused by the independent variable)

derived characteristics

a trait that arose in the most recent common ancestor of a particular lineage and was passed along to its descendants

desmosome

specialized for cell-to-cell adhesion

diffusion

particles move from an area of high concentration to an area of lower concentration

disaccharides

table sugar (sucrose) and lactose; 2 monosaccharides

DNA

deoxyribonucleic acid, codes for amino acids

do viruses cause problems?

yes

ecosystem

living (biotic) and nonliving (abiotic) interacting in a specific area

electrons

negatively charged particles found outside the nucleus