Anatomy Exam 1

Chemical Level

Atoms combine to form molecules

basic components of the body

proteins, water, other

Cellular level

Cells are made up of molecules

Tissue Level

Tissues consist of similar types of cells

Organ Level

made up of different types of tissues

Organ system level

Organ systems consist of different organs that work put together closely

Plasma Membrane

• Separates extracellular and intracellular (cytoplasm) fluid

• phospholipid bilayer

• protein molecules identify cells and create pathways for transport in and out

Cytosol

fluid

cytoplasm

cytosol and membrane bound organelles

Endoplasmic Reticulum

• Stores calcium

• Smooth ER

• Rough ER

Rough ER

• ribosomes assemble proteins

• produces cellular membranes

Smooth ER

liid metabolism - makes fats

Golgi Apparatus

sorts processes and packages proteins and membranes made by rough ER

Lysosomes

contain digestive enzymes produced by rough ER

proxisones

break down fatty acids

mitochondria

• contain own DNA - maternal lineage

• produce ATP/energy

lysosomes

lysosomes act as the waste recycling center in a healthy neuron

Microtubule

• hollow tubes of tubulin proteins

  • attachment site for organelles

Microfilament

• actin filaments

• just below cell membrane

  • generate contractile forces for movement

intermediate filament

• protein fibers wound like rope

  • resists pulling forces

nucleus

• ribosomal RNA produced in nucleolus

• contains DNA

• normally one/cell

cell junctions

join cells together

Tight Junction

• Belt like seal between apical region of cells

• prevents molecules from passing between cells

• on exterior

Desmosome

• anchoring junctions

• bind adjacent cells at plaques

• STRENGTH

linker proteins

interdigite with other linker proteins within intercellular space

intermediate filaments

span intracellular space to provide strength within cell

Arrhythmogenic right ventricle (ARVD)

• desmosomes connect cardiac muscles and cells

• mutation affects linker proteins of desmosomes

• presents in the right ventricle and first sign of. problems often sudden death during exertion

tissue

a group of similar cells and their binding extracellular matrix joined to preform a specific function

• two or more come together to form organs

Epithelium

covering and lining

connective tissue

support - binds things together

nervous

control - sends signals

muscle

movement - cardiac, skeletal, smooth

cellularity

• little extracellular space

• placed tight together

• surface

cell junctions

• abundant

• strength and communication

• middle

polarity

distinct apical and basal surfaces (base)

what is under the epithelium

basement membrane

avascular (epithellium)

lacks blood-flow

innervated (epithelium)

nerves and neurons

• will respond to stimulus

regeneration (epithelium)

high capacity to replace cells

basal lamina (epithelium)

• non-cellular sheet of proteins

• provide a surface for new cells to build on

• thick

• allows for anchoring

basement membrane

basal lamina and reticular fibers of underlying CT

reticular fibers (epithelium)

anchor basal lamina (is below it)

Apical region

upper most part of epithelium

microvilli (apical region)

folds of plasma membrane of moist epithelial tissue

• increases surface area

cilia (apical surface features)

extensions of cell surface

• movement of mucus

• allows for ease of flow

simple epithelia

1 cell layer thick

stratified epithelia

more than 1 cell layer thick

squamous epithelia

flatten cells, squashed

cubical epithelia

cube shaped cells

columnar epithelia

tall cells

simple squamous epithelium

single layer of flattened cells

• diffusion - lungs

• filtration - kidneys

• secretion - serous membranes

simple cuboidal epithelium

single layer of cube shaped cells

• absorption - kidney

• secretion - some glands

simple columnar epithelium

a single layer of tall cells

• may or may not be ciliated

  • absorption - GI track

  • movement - mucus in lungs

  • secretion - mucus

pseudostratified columnar epithelium

looks stratified but isn’t stratified

• a single layer of cells of varying height

• all sit on the basement membrane

• secretion and movement - mucus of the respiratory system

• usually ciliated

stratified squamous epithelium

multiple cell layers, apical layer flat

• keratinized or non-keratinized

• protection - skin, oral cavity

stratified cuboidal epithelium

two layers cube shaped cells

• protection - glandular ducts

stratified columnar epithelium

several cell layers - tall apical (bottom) layer

• not common

• protection - male urethra

Transitional Epithelium

multiple layers that change shape when stretched

• unique - allows bladder to exppand as it fill w urine

membranous epithelium

majority of body converings and linings

glandular epithelium

specialized epithelial tissues that produces glandular secretions

endocrine glands

• lack ducts

• produce hormones that pass into surrounding tissues/blood vessels

exocrine

secrete via ducts into body cavities or onto body surface

simple exocrine glands

unbranched

compound exocrine glands

branched

tubular exocrine glands

tube sahped

alveolar exocrine gland

rounder/orb shaped

connective tissues

cells separated from one another by an abundant extracellular matrix

connective tissue

connects other tissues and organs together

connective tissue

forms skeletal tissue (bone and cartilage)

connective tissue

carrie and store nutrients (blood)

connective tissue

supports blood vessels and nerves

connective tissues

extracellular matrix + cells

extracellular matrix

ground substance and protein fibers (non living)

collagen fibers

strongest, most abundant protein fiber in CT

elastic fibers

stretch and rebound CT

reticular fibers

shortest fibers

support networks - weak fibers

in CT

ground substance in CT

jelly, fluid, mineralized

connective tissue proper cells

fibroblasts, defense cells, fat cells

connective tissue proper matrix

gel-like ground substance

• collagen, reticular, elastic

Cartilage Cells

chondrocytes, chondroblasts (growing)

carilage matrix

gel-like substance

• collage estic fibers

bone tissue cells

osteocytes, osteoblasts (mature cells)

bone tissue matrix

gel-like ground substance calcified with inorganic calcium salts

• collagen

Blood cells

erthrocytes, leukocytes, platelets

blood matrix

plasma

the two types of connective tissue proper

loose and dense

3 types of cartilage

hyaline, fibrocartilage, elastic

two types of bone

compact and spongy

types of loose connect tissues

areolar, adipose, reticular

types of dense connective tissues

regular, irregular, elastic

areolar loose connective tissue

• supports epithelia tissues

• fewer fibers than dense CT

Mast cell

• secrete histamine which causes inflammation

• connects with allergies

Lymphocyte

white blood cell

macrophage

• engulf foreign organisms/particles

• moves around

Neutrophil

white blood cell

plasma cell

secrete antibodies that mark foreign cells for destruction

fat cell

• storage cell

• occur in clusters or alone

fibroblast

produces fibers

adipose tissues

• loose connective tissue

  • PROTECTION

  • high concentration of fat cells

  • found in the hypodermis (right below skin)

  • nutrient storage

Reticular CT

• network of reticular fibers

• found in organs like the spleen where a high concentration of blood cells