Formation of the Female Repro Sys (Fields)

Fields

Week 4-6 Primordial germ cells develop in the

definitive yolk sac

Primordial germ cells migrate to the genital ridge (_____ ______) where the ovaries develop

intermediate mesoderm

Intermediate mesoderm derived factors that male indifferent gonads

WT-1

SF-1

Lim-1

The _____ gene is x linked 

Dax1 

Thought to direct the factors below, although the ovary will still develop if the _______ gene is mutated

DAX 1

Major factors in ovary development (not located on sex chromosome)

FOXL2

WNT4

RSPO1

Sex cords are derived from 

Peritoneum 

Sex cords in females give rise to

Follicle/granulosa cells

Homologous to Sertoli cells in the male

Granulosa cells

Granulosa cells are derived from

peritoneum

Theca cells are derived from 

mesenchyme stem cells 

Homologous to Leydig cells in the male

Theca cells

Granulosa cells produce

Estrogen and Inhibin

Granulosa cells have ____ receptors

FSH

Theca cells produce

androstenedione which can be converted to testosterone 

Theca cells have ____ receptors

LH

Regulation summary

Sex hormone binding globulin is produced by the

liver

Females do not produce 

ABP

Increase SHBG will bind ______ and _____ making them inactive

testosterone and estrogen

Low levels of SHBG is characteristic of ______

PCOS

One of the causes of PCOS is elevated levels of androgens

Treatments for PCOS that elevate SHBG are

Oral contraceptives

Myo-inositol (produced by the kidney)

Metformin

The gubernaculum in a woman becomes the 

round ligament of the ovary and the round ligament of the uterus 

The suspensory ligament of the ovary is derived from

peritoneum

If the gubernaculum does not attach to the ______, an ectopic ovary can be found anywhere along the path of the gubernaculum. Even in the labia majora, the homologue to the male scrotum.

Uterus

The round ligament of the uterus can drag peritoneum (processus vaginalis) with it into the inguinal canal. Like in the male a hydrocele can result with a patent process vaginalis called the______.

Canal of Nuck

_____ cancer cells can track along the round ligament of the uterus to the superficial inguinal lymph nodes.

Uterine 

and internal iliac nodes

Responsible for female reproductive organs

Paramesonephric Mullerian duct

As the mesonephric duct regresses, remnants are sits of potential ____

cysts

Gartner’s cyst

Remnant of wolffian duct

Epoophoron in mesosalpinx 

Remnant of wolffian duct 

Gartner’s duct

Remnant of wolffian duct

Fimbria hydatid of Morgagni develops from

Paramesonephric duct. Mullerian duct

Uterine tube develops from

Paramesonephric duct. Mullerian duct

Uterovaginal primordium which becomes Uterus, cervix, and upper 2/3 of vagina is developed from 

Paramesonephric duct. Mullerian duct

Uterus, cervix, and upper 2/3 of vagina is developed from

Paramesonephric duct. Mullerian duct

Uterovaginal primordium becomes

Uterus

cervix

Upper 2/3 of vagina

Lower 1/3 of vagina develops from

Urogenital sinus

Lower 1/3 of the vagina is formed by

endoderm

Fimbriae of uterine tube, uterine tube, uterus, cervix, upper 2/3 of vagina are derived from 

intermediate mesoderm

Paramesonephric duct is derived from

Intermediate mesoderm

Unicornuate

Single uterus

Unicollis

Single cervix

Unicolpus 

Single vagina 

Indentation in superior pole of uterus

Arcuate uterus

Septation of the uterus & cervix, & unicolpus

Uterus Didelphys

Uterus Didelphys

Uterus Didelphys with septated Vagina

Bicornuate uterus

Atresia of the cervix

Unicornuate uterus

1 uterine horn

Typically associated with ectopic/undescended ovary.

Unicornuate uterus

Paramesonephric ducts fuse to form

Uterovaginal primordium

Bulge in the posterior wall of the urogenital sinus (endoderm) 

Sinus tubercle 

Sinual tubercle (endoderm) induced paired

Sinovaginal bulbs

Sinovaginal bulbs (endoderm) fuse for form

Vaginal plate

Vaginal plate separates from the

urogenital sinus

Vaginal plate (endoderm) canalizes to create 

vaginal canal (lower 1.3) 

Failure to recanalize lower 1/3 of vagina

Imperforate vagina

Imperforate hymen is formed by _____ and _____

endoderm and ectoderm

Retained menstrual blood in the uterus (vagina).

Cyclic pelvic or abdominal pain.

Hematocolpos

Endometrial cells in the menstrual fluid can retrograde to the uterine tube and into the pouch of Douglas (peritoneal cavity). These cells can implant in the peritoneum and cause ________

endometriosis (hyperplasia and hypertrophy of endometrial cells in the peritoneum).

hyperplasia and hypertrophy of endometrial cells in the peritoneum

Endometriosis

Imperforate vagina or hymen can lead to _________ which can lead to ________

Hematocolpos

Endometriosis due to retrograde menstrual fluid in peritoneal space

Paraurethral/Skene’s gland is derived from

Endoderm/ urogenital sinus

Homologue to prostate gland

Skene’s gland

Greater vestibular/ Bartholin’s glands are derived from

Endoderm/ urogenital sinus

Homologue to bulbourethral/ Cowper’s glands

Greater vestibular/ Bartholin’s glands 

Vaginal vestibule (vagina opening, membranous urethra), skene’s gland opening, greater vestibule gland opening) is derived from

Endoderm/ urogenital sinus

Genital tubercle is derived from

Mesoderm

Genital urogenital fold is derived from

Mesoderm

Genital swelling is derived from 

Mesoderm 

Genital tubercle in female forms the

clitoris and bulbs of vestibule

Clitoris and bulbs of vestibule are derived from

mesoderm

Crus of clitoris is derived from

mesoderm

skeletal muscle is derived from 

myotome

paraxial mesoderm 

In females, the genital fold forms the 

Labina minora 

mesenchyme of Labia minora is derived from

Mesoderm

In females, genital swelling/ labioscrotal swelling makes the

Labia majora

The mesenchyme of labia majora is formed from

Mesoderm

streak ovaries (dysgenesis) but normal female genitalia. There is no male chromosome, so not issue with male androgens. “Ovarian failure is a typical feature.” hormone replacement therapy (HRT) is necessary to achieve the development of normal female sexual characteristics and to prevent cardiovascular complications and osteoporosis.

Turner Syndrome XO

Genetically female. (46 XX); external genitalia masculinized; scrotal fusion; persistent urogenital sinus. Congenital adrenal hyperplasia or giving androgens during pregnancy.

Female Pseudohermaphroditism

group of conditions in which there is a discrepancy between the external genitals and the internal genitals (testes and ovaries).

Intersex

The person has chromosomes of a woman, the ovaries of a woman, but external genitals that appear male.

exposed to excess male hormones before birth.

46, XX INTERSEX

The person has the chromosomes of a man, but the external genitals are incompletely formed, ambiguous, or clearly female.

androgen insensitivity syndrome (AIS) common cause

46, XY INTERSEX

The person has both ovarian and testicular tissue.

TRUE GONADAL INTERSEX

Which of the following is derived from the urogenital sinus?

A.uterus

B.uterine tubes

C.cervix

D.Vagina (lower 1/3)

D.Vagina (lower 1/3)

A 25 year old woman is diagnosed with a bicornuate uterus.  This is the result of a failure of the caudal fusion of the:

A.Paramesonephric ducts

B.Urogenital sinus

C.Mesonephric ducts

D.Cloaca

E.Sinovaginal bulbs

A.Paramesonephric ducts

Epoophoron cysts will be found in the:

A.Mesometrium

B.Mesovarium

C.Mesosalpinx

D.Paramesonephric duct

E.Vaginal plate

C.Mesosalpinx

The bulbourethral gland in the male is homologous to the ___________ in the female.

A.greater vestibular

B.Skeen's glands

C.prostate

D.seminal vesicle

A.greater vestibular

There was a failure of the urorectal septum to divide the cloaca into the urogenital sinus and rectum.  The structure most likely to develop normally is the:

A.Rectum

B.Vagina (lower 1/3^rd )

C.Uterus

D.Bladder

C.Uterus

A neonate has an abnormal fusion of her two labia minora.  This structure forms from the:

A.genital tubercle

B.genital folds

C.genital swellings

D.Ectoderm

B.genital folds