Concordia University - Bio225 - Final Exam F23

Ectoderm

The outer layer of the embryo, develops into skin and nervous tissue

Endoderm

the innermost germ layer and lines the developing digestive tube, respiratory tract, etc.

Ecdysozoans

invertebrates that shed their exoskeleton through a process called ecdysis

Conformer

conforms with the environment around them, adapts behavior based on environmental cues

Regulator

use internal mechanisms to moderate internal environment in face of external change

Innate immunity

Immunity that is present before exposure and effective from birth; Responds to a broad range of pathogens

Adaptive immunity

specific recognition of pathogens, develops after exposure to agents

Phagocytosis

ingestion and digestion of foreign substances by phagocytes

Antigen

substances that can elicit a response to T-cells and B-cells

Antigen receptors

specific to each pathogen; where T-cells and B-cells bind

Osmoregulation

balances the uptake and loss of water and solutes

osmolarity

the solute concentration of a solution determines movement of water across semipermeable membrane

Stenohaline

cannot tolerate substantial changes in external osmolarity

Euryhaline

can survive large fluctuations of external osmolarity

What are the 4 types of heat exchange?

conduction, convection, radiation, evaporation

Antidiuretic Hormone (AHD)

released into the blood when osmolarity of blood rises above a set point; released to signal more uptake of water

Pheromones

chemicals released into the environment (ectohormones)

Gastrulation

In animal development, a series of cell and tissue movements in which the blastula-stage embryo folds inward, producing a three-layered embryo, the gastrula.

Soil horizon

soil is stratified into layers

Topsoil

consists of mineral particles, living organisms, and humus, bacteria, fungi, algae, other protists, insects, earthworms, nematodes, and plant roots

Humus

decaying organic material; builds a crumbly soil that retains water but still porous

Loam

most fertile topsoil that contains equal parts of sand, silt, and clay

What is the main abiotic component of soil?

minerals

What is the main biotic component of soil?

chemical elements

Aquifer

primary source of irrigation water; underground water reserves

Fertilization

replaces mineral nutrients that have been displaced from soil

Phytoremediation

plants capable of extracting soil pollutants are grown and disposed of safely

Macronutrients

9 essential elements that plants need in large amounts (C, O, H, N, P, K, S, Ca, Mg)

Micronutrients

8 essential elements that plants need in small amounts (Cl, Fe, Ni, Mn, B, Cu, Mo, Zn)

Rhizosphere

near-root environment; secretions from roots support many microbes

Rhizobacteria

thrive in rhizosphere and some can enter roots

Endophytes

nonpathogenic bacteria that live between cells of host plant tissues

Mycorrhizae

mutualistic relationship between fungi and roots

Epiphyte

grows on another plant and obtains water from rain

Parasitic plants

absorbs sugars and minerals from host plant

Carnivorous plants

photosynthetic but obtain nitrogen by killing and eating mostly insects

Phyllotaxy

arrangement of leaves on a stem

Leaf area index

ratio of total upper leaf surface of plant / surface area of land it grows on

Plasmolysis

protoplast shrinks and pulls away from cell wall (extreme dehydration)

Aquaporins

transport proteins in cell membrane that facilitate passage of water

Bulk flow

efficient long distance transport of fluid requires movement of fluid driven by pressure

Tracheids and vessel elements are part of the __________

xylem

Sieve-tube elements are part of the __________

phloem

Casparian strip

waxy ring in endodermal wall which allow plant to regulate which ions and resources it uptakes by blocking apoplastic transport

Endodermis

innermost layer of cells in root cortex

Transpiration

the evaporation of water from plants surface

Cohesion-tension hypothesis

transpiration and water cohesion pull water from roots to shoots

Guard cell

surrounds stomata and controls opening to regulate water loss

abscisic acid (ABA)

produced in response of water deficiency and causes closure of stomata

Translocation

products of photosynthesis are transferred to phloem by translocation

Pistil

a single carpel or a group of fused carpels

Complete flowers

contains all four floral organs (sepal petal pistil stamen)

Incomplete flowers

lack one or more floral organs

carpel

sexual organ made up of style and stigma

Microsporangia

pollen sacs; pollen develops within microspores of anthers

Suspensor

anchors embryo to parent plant (embryo development)

Hypocotyl

Part of the developing embryo that will become the lower part of the stem and roots

Radicle

root precursor

Photomorphogenesis

the effect of light on plant morphology

Circadian rhythms

cycles that are about 24 hours long and are governed by and internal "clock"

Photoperiodism

physiological response to photoperiod

Photoperiod

the relative lengths of light and day is the environmental stimulus plants use to detect the time of year

Systemic acquired resistance

rapid suicide of cells in response to pathogen

Sporopollenin

durable polymer; prevent zygotes from being exposed to environment and drying out

Embryophytes

how we define plants; "plants with embryos"

Gametangia

organ where plants create their gametes

Torpor

dormancy

What is the symplastic pathway

the movement of resources through the cytoplasm through the use of plasmodesmata

Gravitropism

roots and shoots grow in the correct direction related to gravity

short day plants

plants that flower when nights are longer than a critical length

What are the male parts of the flower?

Stamen, Anther, pollen grain

What is the female part of the flower and what does it consist of?

The Pistil/Carpel consists of the Stigma, Style, and Ovary which holds Ovules

Transgenic organisms are

plants that express genes from a different species

long day plants (short night plants)

will flower only if dark is shorter than a certain number of hours

Thigmotropism

plants grow or delay growth in response to mechanical stimulus

Anatomy is to ________ as physiology is to ________.

Form; Function

Are exocrine glands ducted or ductless?

Ducted; carries secretions directly to body cavities

Are endocrine glands ducted or ductless?

Ductless; secretes hormones directly into surrounding fluid

Paracrine signaling

target cell is near the secreting cell

Autocrine Signaling

the target cell is also the secreting cell

What is an Ectotherm

an animal that is dependent on external sources of body heat.

What is an Endotherm

An animal that can generate its own body heat

Herbivores and Omnivores have a longer what when compared to Carnivores? (Hint: part of the digestive tract)

Alimentary Canal

Alimentary Canal

digestive tube that extends from the mouth to the anus

What is the body's first line of defense against disease?

the skin

Positive Feedback loop

feedback loop that causes a system to change further in the same direction

Negative Feedback loop

Causes a system to change in the opposite direction from which it is moving

glomerulous

a cluster of capillaries around the end of a kidney tubule, where waste products are filtered from the blood.

renal pelvis

central collecting region in the kidney

Collecting Duct

carries filtrate thru medulla to renal pelvis

Nephron

regulate composition of blood by filtration secretion and reabsorption

Bowman's capsule

surrounds glomerulus; collects filtrate before loop of Henle

Proximal tube

where reabsorption occurs (ions, water, amino acids)

Distal tube

regulates NaCl and K+ ion concentration in blood; also regulates pH maintaining molecules (HCO3-, H+)

In the loop of Henle, the up track

absorbs NaCl into the blood via osmosis

In the loop of Henle, the down track:

absorbs water through aquaporin proteins via osmosis

Major histocompatibility complex (MHC)

molecules that host proteins that display antigen fragments on cell surface

Lymphocytes

white blood cells

Lymphocytes that mature in the bone marrow are called

B-Cells

Lymphocytes that mature in the thymus are called

T-Cells