malaria

pathogen

protist…Plasmodium falciparum, vivax, ovale, malariae

transmission

bite from female Anopheles mosquito

sexual reproduction

mosquito takes blood meal and injects anticoagulant in blood…male and female gametes fuse in gut of the mosquito

asexual repproduction

infective parasite enters human blood and into liver cells

anticoagulant

prevents host blood from clotting

prevention and control

mosquito repellant and use of antimalarial drugs

biological prevention

spray stagnant water or use Bacillus thuringiensis to kill larvae

problems with malaria programs

expensive… drug resistance from Plasmodium falciparum

worldwide concern over malaria spreading

increase in drug resistance…more fatal cases reported…increase in epidemics…difficult to develop vaccines

global distribution

hot and humid areas

clinical features

fever, anaemia, nausea, headache, muscle ache, shivering, sweating, enlarged spleen

treatment

quinine and chloroquinine