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Functions of the integumentary system
-protection (uv rays, chemicals, bacteria)
-sensation (nerve endings)
-temperature regulation
-vitamin d production
-excretion
Epidermis layers (deep to superficial)
stratum basale
stratum spinosum
stratum granulosum
stratum lucidum
stratum corneum
Stratum Basale
-deepest layer of epidermis with the youngest living cells.
-most rapid cell division
Stratum Spinosum
(spiny layer) layer of the epidermis that provides strength and flexibility to the skin; highest mitotic rate
Stratum granulosum
flattened cells; produce keratin that grow hair and nails
Stratum lucidum
clear layer on palms and soles
Stratum corneum
outer layer of the epidermis consisting of a thick layer of dead cells. scalelike, slough off
Dermis Layers
papillary
reticular
Papillary
areolar connective tissue; includes dermal papillae
Reticular
network of collagen and reticular fibers
Keratinocytes
deepest epidermal cells, produce keratin.
Melanocytes
cells that produce melanin in epidermis (dark skin pigment)
Merkel cells
sensory nerve endings in epidermis
Langerhans cells
epidermal macrophages that help activate the immune system
(ex. dendritic cells)
Dermis cells
fibroblasts, macrophages, mast cells, WBCs
Fingerprints
ridges formed by the dermal papillae, in the papillary layuer of the dermis
Where do hair and nails come from?
hard keratin that is formed in the stratum granulosum
Where is the hypodermis located?
below the skin
Hypodermis
fat located under the dermis, helps insulate the body and protect underlying muscles and structures.
Melanin
most important gives skin color
Carotene
yellow-orange pigment from carrots and yellow veggies
Hemoglobin
pink of light skin
Types of hair
vellus: fine, short hairs
intermediate hairs
terminal: longer, courser hair
Functions of hair
protection (scalp)
sense (light touches on skin)
warmth (less in mammals)
Apocrine
creates odor while exiting through hair follicles in the axillary, anal, and genitals; functions as scent glands
Addison's disease
appearance of tan bronzed skin
Contact dermatitis
An inflammation of the skin caused by having contact with a substance
Seborrhea
yellowish scum built up on scalp. scaly dandruff like
Cyanosis
blue discoloration of the skin
Jaundice
yellowing of the skin due to bilirubin build up or liver disorder
Erythema
redness (blushing)
Hematoma
bruise (clotted blood)
Malignant
cancerous
First degree burn
Superficial burn of epidermis resulting in redness (ex.sunburn)
Second degree burn
epidermis and upper dermis are damaged, skin is red with blisters
Third degree burn
full thickness (white,red,black)
Rule of 9's
Calculates percent of body burned for rehydration
Epidermis as a whole
major skin area that produces derivatives (hair/nails)
Bedsore
bony projections go into skin resulting in restriction of blood supply causing tissue death
Sensory receptors in the Dermis
pain, pressure, temperature
Greatest risks for severe burn victims
infection and dehydration
ABCD rule
asymmetry, border irregularity, color, diameter (>6mm)
Eccrine glands
true sweat and exits through pores to regulate body temperature
Benign
not cancerous