Nation Building

Give 4 Reasons why ethnic Divisions matter for development

• public goods provisions

• Ethnic favoritism

• Ethnic conflict

• Institutional quality

4 main reasons to nation build

• social cohesion

• economic growth

• National Security

• Governance improves

Key Strategies of Nation Building

• one language policies

• propaganda and indoctrination

• population resettlement

• Economic Inclusion and Redistribution

What two rights do Liberal and Electoral Democracy share

• electoral rights

• property rights

what extra right does liberal democracy have

• civil rights

what is puzzle of civil rights

why would state extend equal rights to historically excluded group

what self interested reasons explain puzzle of civil rights

• Majority may become minority

What is economic Cleavage

• division based on socio economic class or resource access

What is identity cleavage

division based on ethnicity, language, region or tribe

what are some other methods of Nation Building

• religion

• exclsuive or get rid of minority (nazis)

• populism (people vs the elite)

• Networks with entrapment

What are networks with entrapment

• build rail and infrastructure networks across countries and make states with in country dependent on them making succession very expensive

Mukund Rwanda Background and question

million dead mostly tutsi , question is that is nation building possible in highly polarized society

What policies did Kagame do

• policies to affect inter ethnic attitudes

  • low-level trials

  • re-education camps

  • madatory community service

• Erase ethnicity from official discourse through tight control on media

things done in rwanda paper

Lab in field experiments including SIT test , Field Survey and GIS data from radio towers

what is a SIT test

• show photos of individuals asked to recall which ethnicity

• Sit = within group error/1+ all group error

• High sit means a group sees ethnicity

What is partner selection

asked to choose partners , see if they decide in or out group

Trust Game in rwanda paper

two strangers in a one shot game, player 1 shares into pot and pot multiplied and shared with player 2, some games contributions known others not

What is GIS data

• this is data of radio reception in villages some villages on side of mountains so don’t recieve aim to see if propaganda was effective

Results on private game trust in radio vs non radio range

large effect but small effect in public games

Why is the effect smaller in public games

• effect of govt policies already internalized

what factors were found to affect or not affect social responsiveness

• Family exposure to forced labor

• Younger = lower ethnic salience

• Women are more responsive to social norms

• no ethnic differences in responsiveness tutsi and hutu

What robustness was used in rwanda paper

• control for effects of other radio stations

• fixed effects

• genocide not correlated with radio signal

What does a secure ruler need in terms of homogenization

• needs no homogenization

What does democracy need in terms of homogenization

needs some

How do colonial powers behave

• use local rivalries to weaken resistance

Road building in kenya aim

what is the impact of democratic transition on ethnic fractionalisation

Results of Kenya paper

• districts with the same ethnicity as the president received more road expenditure

• Bx is higher for autocracy vs democracy

Robustness Kenya

• counterfactual analysis is based on potential shows that favoritism to certain groups not driven by economic factors

Kenya Main result

• democracy has less favoritism than autocracy, although imperfect