APWH Unit 5 keyterms (copy)

AP World History

Population revolution

Huge growth in population in western Europe beginning about 1730; prelude to industrialization.

Protoindustrialization

Preliminary shift away from an agricultural economy; workers became full- or part-time producers who worked at home in a capitalist system in which materials, work, orders, and sales depended on urban merchants; prelude to the Industrial revolution

American Revolution

Rebellion of the British American Atlantic seaboard colonies; ended with the formation of the independent United States.

French Revolution

Overthrow of the Bourbon monarchy through a revolution beginning in 1789; created a republic and eventually ended with Napoleon's French empire; the source of many liberal movements and constitutions in Europe.

Louis XVI

Bourbon ruler of France who was executed during the radical phase of the French Revolution.

Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen

Adopted during the French Revolution; proclaimed the equality of French citizens; became a source document for later liberal movements.

Guillotine

Introduced as a method of "humane" execution; used during the French Revolution against thousands of individuals, especially during the Reign of Terror.

Napoleon Bonaparte

Army officer who rose in rank during the wars of the French Revolution; ended the democratic phase of the revolution; became emperor; deposed and exiled in 1815.

Congress of Vienna

Met in 1815 after the defeat of France to restore the European balance of power.

Liberalism

Political ideology that flourished in 19th-century western Europe; stressed limited state interference in private life, representation of the people in government; urged importance of constitutional rule and parliaments.

Radicals

Followers of a 19th-century Western European political emphasis; advocated broader voting rights than liberals did; urged reforms favoring the lower classes.

Socialism

Political ideology in 19th-century Europe; attacked private property in the name of equality; wanted state control of the means of production and an end to the capitalistic exploitation of the working class.

Nationalism

European 19th-century viewpoint; often allied with other "isms"; urged the importance of national unity; valued a collective identity based on ethnic origins.

Greek Revolution

Rebellion of the Greeks against the Ottoman Empire in 1820; a key step in the disintegration of the Turkish Balkan Empire.

French Revolution of 1830

Second revolution against the Bourbon dynasty; a liberal movement that created a bourgeois government under a moderate monarchy.

Belgian Revolution of 1830

Produced Belgian independence from the Dutch; established a constitutional monarchy.

Reform Bill of 1832

British legislation that extended the vote to most male members of the middle class.

James Watt

Devised a steam engine in the 1770s that could be used for production in many industries; a key step in the Industrial Revolution.

Factory system

Intensification of all of the processes of production at a single site during the Industrial Revolution; involved greater organization of labor and increased discipline.

Luddites

Workers in Britain who responded to the replacement of their labor by machines during the Industrial Revolution by attempting to destroy machines; named after the fictional worker Ned Ludd.

Chartist movement

Unsuccessful attempt by British artisans and workers to gain the vote during the 1840s.

French Revolution of 1848

Overthrew the French monarchy established in 1830; briefly established the Second French Republic.

Revolutions of 1848

The nationalist and liberal movements in Italy, Germany, AustriaHungary; after temporary success they were suppressed.

Louis Pasteur

Discoverer of germs and of the purifying process named after him.

Benjamin Disraeli

British politician; granted the vote to working-class men in 1867; an example of conservative politicians keeping stability through reform.

Count Camillo di Cavour

Architect of Italian unification in 1858; created a constitutional Italian monarchy under the king of Piedmont.

Otto von Bismarck

Conservative prime minister of Prussia; architect of German unification under the Prussian king in 1871; used liberal reforms to maintain stability.

American Civil War (1861-1865)

Fought to prevent secession of the southern states; the first war to incorporate the products and techniques of the Industrial Revolution; resulted in the abolition of slavery and the reunification of the United States.

Transformismo

Political system in Italy that allied conservatives and liberals in support of the status quo.

Social question

Issues relating to workers and women in western Europe during the Industrial Revolution; became more critical than constitutional issues after 1870.

Karl Marx

German socialist who saw history as a class struggle between groups out of power and those controlling the means of production; preached the inevitability of social revolution and the creation of a proletarian dictatorship.

Revisionism

Socialist thought that disagreed with Marx's formulation; believed that social and economic progress could be achieved through existing political institutions.

Feminist movement

Sought legal and economic gains for women, among them equal access to professions and higher education; came to concentrate on the right to vote; won initial support from middle-class women.

Mass leisure culture

An aspect of the later Industrial Revolution; decreased time at work and offered opportunities for new forms of leisure time, such as vacation trips and team sports.

Charles Darwin

Biologist who developed the theory of evolution of species; argued that all living forms evolved through the successful ability to adapt in a struggle for survival.

Albert Einstein

Formulated mathematical theories to explain the behavior of planetary motion and the movement of electrical particles; in about 1900 issued the theory of relativity.

Sigmund Freud

Viennese physician who developed theories of the workings of the human subconscious; argued that behavior is determined by impulses.

Romanticism

19th-century western European artistic and literary movement; held that emotion and impression, not reason, were the keys to the mysteries of human experience and nature; sought to portray passions, not calm reflection.

Triple Alliance

Alliance among Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy at the end of the 19th century; part of the European balance of power system before World War I.

Triple Entente

Agreement among Britain, Russia, and France in 1907; part of the European balance of power system before World War I.

Balkan nationalism

Movements to create independent states and reunite ethnic groups in the Balkans; provoked crises within the European alliance system that ended with the outbreak of World War I.

Industrial Revolution

Series of changes in economy of Western nations between 1740 and 20th century; stimulated by rapid population growth, increase in agricultural productivity, commercial revolution in 17th century, and development of new means of transportation; in essence involved technological change and the application of machines to the process of production.

Age of Revolution

Period of political upheaval beginning roughly with the American Revolution in 1775 and continuing through the French Revolution of 1789 and other movements for change up to 1848.

Conservative

Political viewpoint with origins in western Europe during the 19th century; opposed revolutionary goals; advocated restoration of monarchy and defense of the church.

Imperialism

The policy of expanding national territory through colonization and conquest.

Kingdom of Mataram

Controlled most of interior Java in the 17th century; weakness of the state after the 1670s allowed the Dutch to expand their control over all of Java.

Sepoys

Indian troops, trained in European style, serving the French and British.

Raj

The British political establishment in India.

Plassey (1757)

Battle between the troops of the British East India Company and an Indian army under Siraj-ud-daula, ruler of Bengal; British victory gave them control of Northeast India.

Robert Clive

Architect of British victory at Plassey; established foundations of the Raj in northern India.

Presidencies

Three districts that comprised the bulk of British-ruled territories in India during the early 19th century; capitals at Calcutta, Madras, and Bombay.

Princely states

Ruled by Indian princes allied with the Raj; agents of the East India Company were stationed at their courts to ensure loyalty.

Nabobs

Name given to Britons who went to India to make fortunes through graft and exploitation; returned to Britain to live richly.

Charles Cornwallis

British official who reformed East India Company corruption during the 1790s.

Isandhlwana (1879)

Zulu defeat of a British army; one of the few indigenous victories over 19th-century European armies.

Tropical dependencies

Western European possessions in Africa, Asia, and the South Pacific where small numbers of Europeans ruled large indigenous populations.

White dominions

A type of settlement colony, such as those in North America and Australia, where European settlers made up the majority of the population.

Settler colonies

Colonies, such as those in South Africa, New Zealand, Algeria, Kenya, and Hawaii, where minority European populations lived among majority indigenous peoples.

White racial supremacy

Belief in the inherent superiority of whites over the rest of humanity; peaked in the period before World War I.

Great Trek

Migration into the South African interior of thousands of Afrikaners seeking to escape British control.

Boer republics

Independent states—Orange Free State and Transvaal—established during the 1850s in the South African interior by Afrikaners.

Cecil Rhodes

British entrepreneur in South Africa; manipulated political situation to gain entry to the diamonds and gold discovered in the Boer republics.

Boer War (1899-1902)

Fought between the British and Afrikaners; British victory and postwar policies left the African population of South Africa under Afrikaner control.

James Cook

His voyages to Hawaii from 1777 to 1779 opened the islands to the West.

Kamehameha

Hawaiian prince; with British backing he created a unified kingdom by 1810; promoted the entry of Western ideas in commerce and social relations.

Great Mahele

Hawaiian edict issued in 1848 that imposed Western property concepts that resulted in much Hawaiian land passed to Western commercial interests.

Mataram

Kingdom that controlled interior regions of Java in 17th century; Dutch East Company paid tribute to the kingdom for rights of trade at Batavia; weakness of kingdom after 1670s allowed Dutch to exert control over all of Java.

Ram Mohum Roy

Western-educated Indian leader, early 19th century; cooperated with British to outlaw sati.

Natal

British colony in South Africa; developed after Boer trek north from Cape Colony; major commercial outpost of Durban.

Toussaint L'Overture

Leader of the slave rebellion on the French island of St. Domingue in 1791; led to the creation of the independent republic of Haiti in 1804.

Mask of Ferdinand

Term given to the movements in Latin America allegedly loyal to the deposed Bourbon king of Spain; they actually were Creole movements for independence.

Miguel de Hidalgo

Mexican priest who established an independence movement among Indians and mestizos in 1810; after early victories he was captured and executed.

Augustín Iturbide

Conservative Creole officer in the Mexican army who joined the independence movement; made emperor in 1821.

Simon Bolívar

Creole military officer in northern South America; won victories in Venezuela, Colombia, and Ecuador between 1817 and 1822 that led to the independent state of Gran Colombia.

Gran Colombia

Existed as an independent state until 1830 when Colombia, Venezuela, and Ecuador became separate independent nations.

José de San Martín

Leader of movements in Rio de la Plata that led to the independence of the United Republic of Rio de la Plata by 1816; later led independence movements in Chile and Peru.

João VI

Portuguese monarch who fled the French to establish his court in Brazil from 1808 to 1820; Rio de Janeiro became the real capital of the Portuguese empire.

Pedro I

Son and successor of João VI in Brazil; aided in the declaration of Brazilian independence in 1822 and became constitutional emperor.

José Rodríguez de Francia

Ruler of independent Paraguay as dictator until 1840.

Andrés Santa Cruz

Mestizo general who established a union between independent Peru and Bolivia between 1829 and 1839.

Caudillos

Leaders in independent Latin America who dominated local areas by force in defiance of national policies; sometimes seized the national government.

Centralists

Latin American politicians who favored strong, centralized national governments with broad powers; often supported by conservative politicians.

Federalists

Latin American politicians who favored regional governments rather than centralized administrations; often supported by liberal politicians.

Monroe Doctrine

United States declaration of 1823, which stated that any attempt by a European country to colonize the Americas would be considered an unfriendly act.

Guano

Bird droppings used as fertilizer; a major Peruvian export between 1850 and 1880.

Positivism

A philosophy based on the ideas of Auguste Comte; stressed observation and scientific approaches to the problems of society.

Antonio López de Santa Anna

Mexican general who seized power after the collapse of the Mexican republic in 1835.

Manifest Destiny

Belief that the United States was destined to rule from the Atlantic to the Pacific.

Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo (1848)

Treaty between the United States and Mexico; Mexico lost one-half of national territory.

Benito Juárez

Indian lawyer and politician who led a liberal revolution against Santa Anna; defeated by the French, who made Maximilian emperor; returned to power from 1867 to 1872.

La Reforma

Name of Juárez's liberal revolution.

Maximilian von Habsburg

Austrian archduke proclaimed emperor of Mexico as a result of French intervention in 1862; after the French withdrawal he was executed in 1867.

Gauchos

Mounted rural workers in the Rio de la Plata region.

Juan Manuel de Rosas

Federalist leader in Buenos Aires; took power in 1831; commanded loyalty of gauchos; restored local autonomy.

Argentine Republic

Replaced state of Buenos Aires in 1862 as a result of a compromise between centralists and federalists.

Domingo F. Sarmiento

Liberal politician and president of the Argentine Republic; author of Facundo, a critique of caudillo politics; increased international trade and launched reforms in education and transportation.

Fazendas

Coffee estates that spread into the Brazilian interior between 1840 and 1860; caused intensification of slavery.

Modernization theory

The belief that the more industrialized, urban, and modern a society became, the more social change and improvement were possible as traditional patterns and attitudes were abandoned or transformed.

Dependency theory

The belief that development and underdevelopment were not stages but were part of the same process; that development and growth of areas like western Europe were achieved at the expense of underdevelopment of dependent regions like Latin America.

Porfirio Díaz

One of Juárez's generals; elected president of Mexico in 1876 and dominated politics for 35 years.