child development quiz

• Freud felt insufficient or excessive gratification in a stage of development would lead to developmental problems.

•  True. This is a core concept in Freud's psychosexual stages of development.

 The first stage of psychosocial development is trust versus mistrust.

• True. This is the first stage in Erik Erikson's theory of psychosocial development.

• Negative reinforcement will increase a desired behavior when an unpleasant stimulus is removed.

True. This is a fundamental principle of operant conditioning.

• According to the textbook, the development of language is due entirely to biology (nature).

• False. Language development is generally understood to be an interaction of both nature (biology) and nurture (environment).

• How is the definition of child different from that of infant?

• Infancy is defined as the first 2 years of life where complex speech is absent, whereas childhood lasts from birth until puberty. (Option A is the most accurate common definition given the choices).

• Whereas early childhood includes the ages from 2 to 5 years, middle childhood can best be defined as the…

years from 6 to 12.

• Which thinker suggested that children are innately good at birth?

Jean-Jacques Rousseau.

•  Sex chromosomes utilize meiosis to divide.

• True. Meiosis is the process of cell division that produces gametes (sperm and egg cells), which carry sex chromosomes.

• Our phenotype is influenced by the environment.

• True. Phenotype (observable traits) is a result of the interaction between genotype (genetic makeup) and environmental factors.

• The term infertility is applied to couples that have failed to conceive for a year or more.

• True. This is the standard medical definition.

• Some bicycle seats can cause a reduction in sperm production for some males.

• True. Prolonged pressure or heat can affect sperm production.

• The branch of biology that studies heredity is called…

genetics.

• What shape best describes most chromosomes?

An X.

• Each cell in our body contains…

20,000–25,000 genes. (

•  Of the 46 chromosomes in a normal human cell, how many are contributed by the father?

23.

• Our genetic code is carried into new cells in our bodies through what process?

Mitosis.

• The mother always contributes a(n)…

X sex chromosome

• Which statement is MOST accurate about monozygotic twins?

• They occur with different frequency in different ethnic groups. (Option A for fraternal, but the question is monozygotic. This statement is actually False for monozygotic twins as their occurrence is relatively constant across populations, unlike dizygotic twins. The most accurate answer usually relates to them developing from a single zygote).

•  Each member of a pair of genes is referred to as a(n)…

allele.

• he amniotic fluid provides nourishment until the baby is born.

• False. The placenta provides nourishment; amniotic fluid protects and cushions the fetus.

In the second trimester, the fetus grows from about 3 inches long to about 14 inches long.

•  True. This is a period of rapid growth.

• The fetus is more vulnerable than the embryo to teratogens.

• False. The embryo stage (first 8 weeks) is generally the period of most vulnerability to teratogens because all major organ systems are forming rapidly.

• Very high doses of vitamins A and D are good for the developing fetus.

• False. Excessive amounts of certain vitamins (like A and D) can be teratogenic and harmful to the fetus.

Pregnancies can be dated from the onset of the last menstrual period before conception or by…

assuming conception occurred 2 weeks after the beginning of a woman’s last menstrual cycle. (

 If the body were considered to have a central axis, it would be the…

•  spinal cord. (Option B. This relates to cephalocaudal development where growth proceeds from head to tail/spine).

• When the genetic code (XX or XY) begins to assert itself,…

• ovaries begin to differentiate if the Y sex chromosome is absent. (Option D. The presence of a Y chromosome leads to testes development; in its absence, ovaries develop).

• It is the job of the amniotic sac to…

• help the developing fetus maintain a stable temperature. (Option B. It also cushions the fetus).

• What makes the placenta unique in origin?

 It develops from material from both the mother and embryo

•  If a child is born with alcohol-related abnormalities, which of the following would not be a safe assumption?

The child will suffer from intellectual disability later in life.

• Which of the following is TRUE regarding the placenta?

It secretes hormones that prepare the breasts for nursing.

• Which of the following secretes hormones that preserve the pregnancy?

The placenta.

• Kenisha had an ultrasound and saw that her developing fetus is sucking its thumb. What can we infer from this?

The fetus will also have periods of wakefulness and sleep.