Intro to Audiology Quiz 2

physical aspects of sound

frequency, intensity, time

psychological aspects of sound

pitch, loudness, and duration

____ and ____ define an object's ability to vibrate

elasticity; inertia

inertia

the force that must be exerted on an object to make it sense

elasticity

the ability of the object to return to its initial state after it is moved by force

sound travels through the air in the form of a ___

wave

when molecules are pushed close together, the molecules are

condensed and compressed

when there are spaces between the compressed area, the area is

rarefied

transverse waves

molecular motion is perpendicular to the direction of wave motion (force)

longitudinal waves

molecular motion is the same direction as the wave motion (force)

displacement

the distance of an object waves

sine waves

describes a relationship between displacement and time

describes a particular vibration

sinusoid

describes the continuous regular back-and-forth oscillation of a vibrating object (oscillation)

frequency

cycles per second (Hertz)

how many times the function repeats itself in one second

Period

how long it takes to complete a cycle

period = 1/frequency

what is the perception of frequency

pitch

decibels

the range of sound intensifies that humans perceive is quite large

decibel is equal to

1/10 of a bel

what is the largest unit of sound intensity

Bel

dB SPL

used to describe the magnitude of sound energy relative to reference pressure of 20 micropascals

dB SPL

sound pressure level

dB SPL equals

20* log (pressure reference)

reference pressure for SPL

20 uPa

normal hearing for adults

0-20 dB HL

normal hearing for children

0-15 dB HL

dB HL

hearing level

the lowest sound intensity that stimulates normal hearing at a particular frequency

phase

expressed in degrees

the location of the beginning point of an oscillation

complex sounds

multiple sinusoids that differ in amplitude, frequency, and/or phase

may be periodic or aperiodic

ipsilateral

same side

contralateral

opposite side

outer ear

the pinna, ear canal, and eardrum

middle ear

air cavity, ossicles (malleus, incus, stapes)

inner ear

cochlea and auditory nerve

central ear

auditory processing in the brain

auditory system is developed when?

utero

inner ear develops

by 3 weeks

the pinna

localizes and gathers sounds, funnel them into ear canal

contributes about 5 to 7 dB for perception of high frequencies

the eardrum converts ____ energy into _____ energy as it enters the middle ear

acoustic energy; mechanical energy

most important info for speech occurs between

500 and 2000 Hz

signal greater than noise

+

signal less than noise

-

signal = noise

0 dB

dBa

noise

dB HL

signal

SNR or dB SNR

signal to noise ratio

the ossicles amplify

sound pressure

vibration from the stapes causes fluid in the ___________ to move in a hydraulic action

inner ear

electrical energy happens in

inner ear

father of audiology

Dr. Raymond Carhart

What do audiologists do?

assess hearing and balance, evaluate and fit hearing aids, assist in the implementation of habilitation and rehabilitation, provide comprehensive diagnostic and rehabilitative services

audiologists serve in roles such as

clinician, teacher, researcher, administrator, consultant

two sound pathways

air conduction and bone conduction

air conduction

outer ear → middle ear → inner ear

bone conduction

vibrating object on skull (mastoid bone) → inner ear, to reach cochlea and auditory nerve

types of hearing loss

conductive, sensorineural, mixed, functional (non-organic)

how many people have tinnitus

50 million people

how many people are exposed to hazardous noise levels

30 million people

how many children will have at least one ear infection before 6 years old

90%

How many people are hard of hearing?

30 million people

who is the otologist active in establishing military programs

Dr. Norton Canfield

the human ear perceives frequency of sound as _____ and the intensity of sound as _____

pitch, loudness

the ear is most sensitive to what tones?

1000 Hz tones

Intensity

pressure of the sound

measured in decibels (dB)

reverberation

the persistence of sound as a result of multiple reflections in an enclosed space after the original sound source has ended