Comenius University Bratislava Biology Entrance Examination Notes

A set of biology flashcards covering essential terms and concepts relevant for the biology entrance examination at Comenius University Bratislava.

Karyotype

The number and appearance of chromosomes in the nucleus of a eukaryotic cell.

Water role in organism

Acts as a solvent, participates in transport, influences temperature regulation, allows ionization, prevents pathogen entry.

Enzyme specificity

The ability of an enzyme to catalyze a specific reaction based on substrate shape.

Gonochorism

The distinction between male and female individuals.

Homeostasis

The ability of an organism to maintain a stable internal environment.

Down syndrome karyotype

A genetic disorder typically characterized by an extra chromosome 21, resulting in a karyotype of 47, XY or XX.

Osmotic lysis

The process of cell bursting due to excessive water influx in a hypotonic environment.

Nuclear pores

Protein complexes that regulate transport of materials into and out of the nucleus.

Genotype

The genetic constitution of an individual.

Blood group inheritance

The classification of human blood types based on the presence of specific antigens.

Mutagens

Agents that cause mutations in DNA, potentially leading to genetic disorders.

Pedigree analysis

A diagram representing the lineage or descent of an individual, showing inherited traits.

Dihybrid cross

A cross between two individuals with two different traits, analyzing the inheritance patterns.

Proteins

Molecules composed of amino acids that perform various functions in the body, including catalysis and structuring.

Phenotype

The observable characteristics of an organism resulting from the interaction of its genotype with the environment.

Hormonal regulation

Control of physiological activities and processes through the secretion of hormones.

Sexual reproduction

The process by which offspring are produced through the fusion of gametes from two parents.

Nucleotides

The building blocks of nucleic acids, consisting of a sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base.

Chromatin

A complex of DNA and protein found in eukaryotic cells that packages the DNA into a smaller volume.

Eukaryotic cells vs. Prokaryotic cells

Eukaryotic cells have a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles, while prokaryotic cells do not.

Cell cycle

The series of events that take place in a cell leading to its division and replication.

Secondary sexual characteristics

Features that develop during puberty which distinguish the two sexes of a species but are not directly involved in reproduction.