Exam 1 Vocabulary

Baseline

What’s “normal” for the patient, serves as a guideline or reference point

Troubleshooting

Figuring out what could be the problem

Cardiac Output

The amount of blood pump from the heart in one minute (5-6L/min)

Stroke Volume

The amount of blood pumped from heart with each beat (about 70 mL)

Tachycardia

Heart rate above 100

Bradycardia

Heart rate below 60

Sphygmomanometer

Equipment used to measure arterial measure (snapshot)

Hypertension

SBP greater than 120, DBP greater than 80

Hypotension

SBP less than 90 and DBP less than 60

Orthostatic Hypotension

A change in 20 mmHg or more when patient goes from supine to sitting or from sitting to standing.

Pulse Pressure

The difference between Systolic BP and Diastolic BP. PP should be between 30-50 mmHg.

Febrile

Fever or Pyrexia, values vary depending on method and hospital

Afebrile

No fever

Hemorrhage

Excess amount of blood loss

Hypoxic

Decreased oxygen in the blood

Hypothermia

Low temperature of the body. Core temp less than 36 C

Hyperthermia

High temperature not considered a fever or caused by infection. Failed thermoregulation of the body. Higher than 38 C

Apnea

Patients stops breathing for a short period of time.

Hypoventilation

Breathing too slow, RR less than 12 (adult) – also called bradypnea

Hyperventilation

Breathing too fast, RR greater than 20 (adult) – also called tachypnea

Acute Pain

short-term pain, stops after healing

Chronic Pain

aka persistent pain, lasts more than 6 months.

Nociceptive

pain response due to injury to tissues

Neuropathic

nerve pain, the origin is in the nervous system

Inflammatory

Due to an inflammatory response

Cutaneous pain

Pain originating in the skin, subcutaneous tissue

Visceral Pain

Pain originating from an organ or cavity

Deep Somatic Pain

Pain from ligaments, tendons, bones, blood vessels or nerves

Phantom Pain

Perceived by nerves left due to amputation or paralysis

Alopecia

hair loss

Annular

Circular skin lesion

Bruise

A type of hematoma cause by damaged capillaries, associated with trauma

Bulla

Elevated cavity containing free fluid larger than 1 cm in diameter

Confluent

Skin lesion that run together

Crust

Thick, dried-out exudate or drainage from a burst vesicle or pustules

Cyanosis

Dusky blue color or skin or mucous membranes (due to poor oxygenation)

Ecchymosis (bruising)

Subcutaneous bleeding, greater than 1 cm in diameter, not associated with site of trauma

Erosion

Shallow depression in skin

Erythema

Redness of the skin (concerned about infection)

Excoriation

Abrasion of skin due to scratching

Fissure

Linear crack in skin extending to dermis

Furuncle

a boil, due to infected hair follicle

Hemangioma

skin lesion due to benign proliferation of blood vessels in the dermis

Hematoma

A collection of blood outside of the blood vessels

Jaundice

yellow skin, palate, and sclera due to excess bilirubin in blood (liver failure)

Keloid

Hypertrophic scar, elevated beyond site of injury

Lichenification

tightly packed set of papules that thickens skin, caused by prolonged scratching

Lipoma

Benign fatty tumor

Maceration

Softening of the skin due to soaking or prolonged exposure to moisture

Macule

Flat skin lesion with only a color change

Nevus

mole, circumscribed skin lesion due to excess melanocytes

Nodule

Elevated skin lesion larger than 1 cm in diameter

Pallor

Excessively pale, whitish-pink color to lightly pigmented skin (loss of blood circulation)

Papule

Palpable skin lesion smaller than 1 cm in diameter

Plaque

Skin lesion in which papules come together

Pruritus

Itching

Purpura

red-purple skin lesion due to blood in tissues from breaks in blood vessels

Pustule

Elevated lesion containing thick, purulent fluid. Ex

Scale

compact flakes of skin due to shedding of dead skin

Telangiectasia

skin lesion due to enlarged and dilated blood vessels that are visible

Ulcer

Sloughing of necrotic inflammatory tissue that causes a deep depression in skin

Vesicle

Elevated cavity containing free fluid up to 1 cm in diameter

Wheal

Raised red skin lesion due to interstitial fluid, associated with allergic reaction

Zosteriform

linear shape of skin lesion along a nerve route

Bruit

blowing, swooshing sound heard through the stethoscope over an area of abnormal blood flow.

Dysphagia

Difficulty swallowing or eating.

Goiter

Enlarged thyroid associated with hyperthyroidism

Lymphadenopathy

Enlarged lymph nodes

Macrocephalic

Enlarged head

Microcephalic

Small head

Normocephalic

skull size appropriately related to body size

Vertigo

same as dizziness, the room may feel like it’s spinning

Accommodation

adaption of the eye for near vision by increasing the curvature of the lens

Anisocoria

Unequal pupil size

Astigmatism

refractive error of vision due to differences in curvature in the refractive surfaces of the eye

Cataract

Opacity of the lens of the eye that develops slowly with aging and gradually obstructs vision

Conjunctivitis

infection of conjunctiva, “pinkeye”

Diplopia

Double Vision

Exophthalmos

Protruding eyeballs; correlated with hypothyroidism

Glaucoma

Eye diseases characterized by increased ocular pressure

Miosis

Constriction of pupils

Mydriasis

Dilated pupils

Myopia

Nearsighted

Nystagmus

Involuntary, rapid, rhythmic movement of eyeball

Presbyopia

decreased power of accommodation that occurs with aging

Ptosis

Drooping of upper eyelid over the iris and possibly covering the pupil

Red reflex

red glow that appears to fill the person’s pupil when first visualized through the ophthalmoscope

Strabismus

Squint, crossed eye

Atresia

Congenital absence or closure of the ear canal

Cerumen

yellow waxy material

Otalgia

Pain in the ear

Otorrhea

Discharge from the ear

Tinnitus

ringing of the ears

Aphthous Ulcers

Canker sores, ulcers of oral mucosa

Buccal

pertaining to the cheek

Candidiasis

fungal infection of the mouth that appears white, cheesy, curd-like patches of the buccal mucosa

Caries

Tooth decay

Cheilitis

red, scaling, shallow, painful fissures at the corners of the mouth

Choanal atresia

Closure of the nasal cavity due to congenital septum between nasal cavity and pharynx

Crypts

indentations on the surface of tonsils