Cumulative study flashcards

prophage

viral DNA in the lysogenic cycle

provirus

recombination of viral DNA and host DNA

oncogene

transforms normal cells into cancerous cells

prion

infectious protein

viroids

naked RNA molecule

PrP^c

normal cell surface protein

PrP^sc

abnormal protein that accumulates in brain cells and forms plaques

latent viral infection

virus is asymptomatic in host cell for long periods

persistent viral infections

disease processes occur over a long period of time

normal microbiota

large communities of microbes that permanently colonize the host

symbiosis

two different organisms or populations living together

commensalism

one organism benefits, and the other is unaffected

mutualism

both organisms benefit

opportunistic pathogens

can cause a disease if they colonize an area where they are not normally found

koch’s postulates

used to prove the cause of an infectious disease

symptom

a change in body function that is experienced by a person as a result of a disease (subjective)

sign

a change in a body that can be measured or observed as a result of disease (objective)

syndrome

a specific group of signs and symptoms that characterize a disease

non-communicable disease

NOT spread from one host to another

communicable disease

any disease that is spread from one host to another

contagious disease

a communicable disease that is easily spread from one host to another

incidence

fraction of a population that contracts a disease during a specific time (NEW cases only)

prevalence

fractions of a population having a specific disease at a given time (OLD + NEW cases)

sporadic disease

a disease that occurs only occasionally in a population

endemic disease

a disease that is constantly present in a population

epidemic disease

a disease acquired by many hosts in a given are a in a short time

pandemic disease

a worldwide epidemic

acute disease

symptoms develop rapidly; short-lived

chronic disease

disease develops slowly; persists for long periods

subacute disease

symptoms between acute and chronic

latent disease

disease with a period of no symptoms when the pathogen is inactive

herd immunity

exists when many immune people are present in a population

local infection

pathogens are limited to a small area of the body

systemic infection

an infection throughout the body

focal infection

systemic infection that began as a local infection

bacteremia

presence of bacteria in the blood

septicemia

growth of bacteria in the blood

toxemia

presence of toxins in the blood

viremia

presence of viruses in the blood

primary infection

acute infection that causes the initial illness

secondary infection

opportunistic infection after a primary infection has weakened the host’s defenses

subclinical disease

no noticeable signs or symptoms

incubation period

time between initial infection and the appearance of signs and symptoms

prodromal period

early mild symptoms of the disease appear

period of illness

disease most acute

period of decline

signs and symptoms disappear

period of convalescence

host returns to pre-illness state

reservoirs of infection

continual sources of the disease organisms; can be living or non-living

direct transmission

requires close association between infected and susceptible host

indirect transmission

spread from reservoir to susceptible host via a non-living object (fomite)

droplet transmission

transmission via airborne droplets that travel less than one meter

vehicle transmission

transmission by an inanimate reservoir

vector transmission

animal that carries pathogens to a host; most important group are anthropods

mechanical transmission

passive transport on feet, other body parts

biological transmission

pathogen reproduces inside vector

nonsocial infection

those infections acquired as a result of a hospital stay

epidemiology

the study of where and when diseases occur, and how they are transmitted in populations

morbidity

incidence of a specific notifiable disease

mortality

deaths from notifiable diseases

Janssen

develops compound microscope

hooke

living things were composed of cells

leeuwenhoek

observed first microbes

pasteur

• disproved spontaneous generation (S-shaped flask experiment)

• aseptic technique

• fermentation

• food spoilage killed by heat

• pasteurization

koch

• streaking for isolation

• a bacterium causes anthrax

• koch’s postulates

winogradksy

microorganisms involved in biogeochemical cycles

semmelweis

hand washing

lister

chemical disinfectant to prevent surgical wound infections

Edward jenner

first vaccinations against smallpox

ehrlich

used chemotherapy to produce first synthetic drug Salvarsan

fleming

first antibiotic penicillin

ionic bond

attraction between ions of opposite charge

covalent bond

when 2 atoms share one or pairs of electrons

hydrogen bond

when a hydrogen atom that is already part of a polar covalent bond interacts weakly with a highly electronegative atoms

anabolic reaction

synthesis of molecules (condensation/dehydration) reaction

catabolic reaction

decomposition in a cell (hydrolysis)