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What Is physical Activity
Caspersen (1985) ~ ( Orthodox Definition)
Any bodily movement produced by skeletal muscles that result in energy expenditure
Movement of a Body
Skeletal Muscles
Results in Energy Expenditure
Physical Activity as a specific act
Piggin (2020) ~ ( Holistic Definitions)
People moving, acting, and preforming within culturally specific spaces, contexts and influences by the unique array of interests, emotions, ideas, instructions and relationships
People moving, acting, and preforming
Cultural spaces and contexts
Influenced by an array of interests, emotions, ideas, and spaces
Holistic concept, inclusive and adaptable for users
Physical Education
Physical Education is a school curricular subject that supports the development of the skills, knowledge, and attitudes necessary for participating in active, healthy living. Physical education programs are an integral component of the total school experience for students.
Physical Education
Physical Education is a school curricular subject that supports the development of the skills, knowledge, and attitudes necessary for participating in active, healthy living. Physical education programs are an integral component of the total school experience for students.
The Goals of Physical Eduction in saskatchawn
Goals are broad statements identifying what students are expected to know and be able to do upon completion of study in a particular area of study.
The goals of physical education are interdependent and are of equal importance
The three main goals of Physical Education in Saskatchewan
Active Living: Enjoy and engage in healthy levels of participating in movement activities to support lifelong active living in the context of self, family, and community
Skillful Movement: Enhance quality of movement understanding, developing, and transferring movement concepts, skills, tactics, and strategies to a wide variety of movement actives
Relationships: Balance self through safe and respectful personal, social, cultural, and environmental interactions in a wide variety of movement activities
Sport
Sport involves some type of competition, sport deals with the struggle between individuals or teams, sport has conflict in it that usually tends to end with winners and losers
Athlete: Is generally used to describe people involved in a competitive sport
Participant: Refers to those involved in sport for recreation
Exercise
Planned structured and repetitive bodily movement done to improve or maintain one or more components or physical fitness
Enhances physical fitness and overall health and wellness
physical Fitness
In contrast to physical activity which is related to the movements people preform, physical fitness is a set of attributes that people have or achieve
Defined as: “ The ability to carry out daily tasks with vigorous and alertness, without undue fatigue and with ample energy to enjoy leisure time pursuits and meet unforeseen emergencies
Health Related: Cardio respiratory endurance, muscular endurance, muscular strength
Play
Self chosen and self directed
Means are valued more than ends
Has structure, and rules that tend to come from the minds of the players
Imaginative, non literal, mentally removed in some way from “ real” life
Recreation
Recreations is the experience that results from freely chosen participation in physical, social, intellectual, creative and spiritual pursuits that enhance individual and community wellbeing.
physical Literacy
The motivation, confidence, physical competence, knowledge and understanding to value and take responsibility for engagement in physical activities for life.
Physical Education and Physical Literacy
Physical education is a specific course of study within the school curriculum. It is a designated area of learning---the name of a subject area
Physical literacy is a goal of physical education.
The link between Physical Education and Physical Literacy
Quality physical education programs provide the best opportunity to develop physical literacy in children and youth, helping them to make healthy and active choices now and throughout their lives.
Sedentary Behaviour
Postures or activities that require very little movement
Examples include: Prolonged sitting, watching tv, playing passive video or computer games, extended time spent on the computer, and motorized transportation
What influences our plans to be physically active
Physiological, Behavioural and Psychological factors
Barrier: A factor or situation that negatively influences physical activity
Facilitator: A factor or situation that supports physical activity
Categories of Barriers
Intrapersonal barriers such as lack of cognition beliefs, confidence, planning, motivation and energy, time constraints, and fear of injury
Interpersonal barriers like low peer support and harassment from bullies
Policy barriers such as early school and work start times
Community barriers, such as travel distance, weather conditions, land-use planning and infrastructure, built environment
Accessibility barriers like cost and transportation
Operational barriers such as lack of specialized facilities, equipment and staffing
Environmental barriers like extreme weather events,
What facilitators Could reduce these barriers
Intrapersonal barriers such as lack of cognition beliefs, confidence, planning, motivation and energy, time constraints, and fear of injury
Interpersonal barriers like low peer support and harassment from bullies
Policy barriers such as early school and work start times
Community barriers, such as travel distance, weather conditions, land-use planning and infrastructure
Accessibility barriers like cost and transportation
Operational barriers such as lack of specialized facilities, equipment and staffing
Environmental barriers like extreme weather events, built environment
Influence of parents
Parental influence has been suggested to be the most important factor impacting a child’s sport and physical activity engagement because the family has the longest influence on a child’s development, especially in the early years (Horn & Horn, 2007).
Parents can influence their children by being role models through coaching, encouraging physical activity engagement, providing emotional support (Fredricks & Eccles, 2005), and parental participation in physical activity (Edwardson & Gorely, 2010; Fredricks & Eccles, 2005).
This could be even more important for females since mother’s current physical activity participation is correlated to their daughter’s motor competence, while this relationship does not exist for fathers and their sons (Jarvis et al., 2020).
Moreover, mothers who purchase more sport equipment have children who report higher motor competence (Fredricks & Eccles, 2005).
Gender-stereotypes could also influence females participation rates since parents give more opportunities, encouragement, and support for their sons involvement in sport compared to their daughters, regardless of if the parent is the mother or father (Fredricks & Eccles, 2005). Males also perceived more parental facilitation in their sport participation than females (Welk et al., 2003).
Living in a non urban area
Non-urban settings also experience inequities in the promotion of physical activity from both a practice and policy perspective. Communities with a population of less than 10 000 experience more barriers to accessing physical activity than larger communities with populations of 250 000 or greater. Not surprising, a higher proportion of parents in rural, remote and northern regions report poor accessibility as a barrier to their children’s physical activity compared to the Canadian average
Teacher as role model
Teachers as role models for physical activity: Are preschool children more active when their teachers are active?
The recorded step counts of teachers were employed to classify whether children were in the classes taught by active or less active teachers.
The results indicated that preschool children had higher PA levels in PE classes taught by more active teachers than in those taught by less active teachers
What is health
Health is a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity
What is Health ~ A more contemporary view
Contemporary View of Health
A dynamic process of trying to achieve individual potential in the physical, social, emotional, intellectual spiritual and environmental dimensions.
What is wellness
Wellness is much more than simple an absence of illness and/other disease. wellness is a proactive and preventative approach thats designed to provide optimum levels of health, emotional and social function
Wellness emphasis the whole individual. Its the integration of the spirit, body and the mind; that everything we do, feel, and think and believe has a direct impact on your state of health
Illness-Wellness Continuum
a graphic framework illustrating that health exists on a spectrum from high-level wellness on one end to premature death on the other, rather than being simply the absence of disease
Lifestyle
Since lifestyle and the choices we make been found to be the most important factor in determining your overall health, it’s important for you to be educated about your health and “take charge” of your life and have healthy lifestyle-related goals. The lifestyle choices you make will and do have a huge influence on your health and your wellness
In Canada the most common chronic conditions include
Cancer
Cardiovascular Disease
Chronic respiratory diseases
Diabetes
Unhealthy eating, physical inactivity, harmful use of alcohol and tobacco are major contributors to these chronic diseases
In Canada, 67% of all deaths per year are caused by these four major chronic diseases
Many of the top causes of death has specific risk factors that can be reduced with changes in lifestyle and by addressing chronic health issues
Heart Disease: tobacco use, high blood pressure, high cholesterol, type 2 diabetes, poor diet, overweight and lack of physical activity
Cancer: tobacco use, poor diet, excessive consumption of alcohol, lack of physical activity, overweight, sun exposure and exposure to certain chemicals and other substances
Accidental injuries: lack of seatbelt use, lack of motorcycle helmet use, misuse of consumer products, alcohol and drug abuse, and unsafe home and community environments
COVID 19
Stroke: high blood pressure, high cholesterol, heart disease, diabetes, overweight, tobacco and alcohol use, and lack of physical activity
Chronic lower respiratory diseases : tobacco smoke, exposure to second-hand smoke, indoor air pollutants, outdoor air pollutants, and allergens
Social Determinants of Health
The social determinants of health (SDH) are the non-medical factors that influence health outcomes. They are the conditions in which people are born, grow, work, live, and age, and the wider set of forces and systems shaping the conditions of daily life.
The Canadian Public Health Association (2018) notes the following social determinants of health in Canada
Income (higher incomes frequently lead to better health)
Access to nutritious food, safety, housing, overall well being.
Education (higher levels of health are associated with health literacy, employment, access to healthcare services).
Education plays a significant role in an individual’s SES and health.
Employment and Working Conditions
Unemployment; working in unsafe conditions, can lead to physical and meantal health issues.
Social Inclusion and Support (discrimination, racism, social exclusion---particularly important for marginalized groups)
Social safety network
A person’s colour, religion, culture can results in inequities such as access to quality of health and social service
Early Childhood Development
Components of Wellness ( Physical Wellness)
Physical Wellness
Functional operation of the body, absence of disease, and FITNESS
Lifestyle choices:
Eating well and exercising
Making responsible decisions (sex, drugs, alcohol), avoiding harmful habits
Regular medical check ups
Components of Wellness ( Emotional Wellness)
Emotional wellness refers to the ability to understand, manage, and express your emotions in a healthy and constructive way. It’s a key part of overall well-being and mental health, and it influences how you handle stress, relate to others, and make decisions.
Lifestyle choices:
Optimism
Self- control, self-acceptance, self-confident
Trust
Components of Wellness ( Intellectual Wellness)
Ability to learn and grow intellectually (i.e. lifelong learning)
Lifestyle choices:
Seek out new experience, openness
Question, think critically
Curiosity
Components of Wellness: Interpersonal (social) Wellness
Ability to develop & maintain satisfying and supportive personal relationships
Lifestyle choices:
Interact, communicate with others
Adapt to various social situations
Create intimacy
Develop support systems
Components of Wellness ( Spiritual Wellness)
Life principles that facilitate a sense of meaning / purpose to life
Lifestyle choices:
Be compassionate, forgiving, altruistic
Live with joy and fulfillment
Belonging to a greater “picture”
components of Wellness ( Environmental Wellness)
Vitality of our surroundings
Lifestyle choices:
Appreciate & protect the external environment
Reduce, reuse, recycle
Foster a positive environment
Components od Wellness ( Financial Wellness
Ability to live within our financial means
Lifestyle choices:
Balance income and expenses
Save for the future
Discover your personal financial emotions
What is the relationship Wellness and Wellbeing
Wellness: Is a state of actively achieving a healthy state (Action)
Wellness: Is the day to day pursuit of attaining a sense of wellbeing leading with examples such as, physical exercise, movement, meditation, sleep and nutrition ( Action)
Wellbeing: Is considered general health and happiness, a state of emotional/ physical/psychological wellbeing ( Result)
Let’s talk about physical activity ( Increases vs Decreases)
Increases
Increased endurance, strength, and flexibility
Healthier muscles, bones, and joints
Increased energy ( Calorie) expenditure
Improved body composition
More energy
Improves ability to cope with stress
Improves mood, greater self-esteem, and greater sense of well-being
Improves ability to fall asleep/ sleep well
Decreases
Reduced risk of dying prematurely from all causes
Reduced risk of developing/ and or dying from heart disease, diabetes, high blood pressure, and colon cancer
Reduced risk of becoming obese
Reduced anxiety, depression, and tension
Reduced risk of falls and fractures
Reduced spending on healthcare
24 Hour Movement Guidelines (Physical activity)
Performing a variety of types and intensities of physical activity, which include:
Moderate to vigorous aerobic physical activities such that there is an accumulation of at least 150 minutes per week
Muscle strengthening activities using major muscle groups at least twice a week
Several hours of light physical activities, including standing
The Role of Physical Activity in Health & Wellness
Greatest health benefits seen for those who are sedentary and become moderately active
For individuals who are moderately active already, greater health benefits can be achieved by increasing the amount of physical activity
Sedentary Behaviour
Postures or activities that require very little movement.
Examples include:
prolonged sitting, watching television, playing passive video or computerP games, extended time spent on the computer (surfing the internet or working), and motorized transportation
Limited Sedentary time to 8 Hours or less, which includes
No more than 3 hours of recreational screen time
Breaking up long periods of sitting as often as possible
Sleep
Getting 7 to 9 hours of good-quality sleep on a regular basis, with consistent bed and wake-up times
What do we know about the physical activity behaviours of children and youth
For optimal health benefits, children and youth(aged 5–17 years) should achieve high levels of physical activity, low levels of sedentary
behaviour, and sufficient sleep each day.
Sweat: An accumulation of 60 minutes of moderate to vigorous physical activity a day. Vigorous ( Muscle and bone strengthening should occur 3 days a week)
Step: Several hours of a variety of structured and unstructured light physical activity daily
Sleep:
5-13 years - uninterrupted 9-11 11 hours of sleep
14-17 years - interrupted 8-10 hours of sleep
Methodology