Africana Studies Exam 2

What amendment allowed African Americans to register their inventions with the government?

14th Amendment in 1867

Augustus Jackson of Philadelphia

Credited with inventing the process of making ice cream but his invention was not patented

Henry Blair's seed planter

Patented in 1834, because he was a free man.

George Carruthers

A physicist, is well known for having made his own telescope at the age of ten and for coming up with an ultraviolet camera/ spectrograph for NASA.

George Washington Carver

Three patents on cosmetics and paint beyond his hundreds of purposely non-patented inventions related to peanuts, corn, and sweet potatoes.

Dr. Charles Drew

Perfected the process of blood preservation, to the extent that the British government asked him to organize the first blood bank in Great Britain. His process saved thousands of lives in World War II.

Meredith Gourdine

A physicist, has contributed to the principles related to the conversion of gas to electricity

Chemist Henry A. Hill

Is recognized for his research in polymer chemistry and "fabric flammability."

Ernest E.

Known as the pioneer in the study of egg fertilization, artificial parthenogenesis, and cell division.

Samuel L. Kountz

Remains one of the country's most famous surgeons since he performed more than 500 kidney transplants.

Booker T. Washington

Became an inspiration for many business-minded African American men and women 

• National Negro Business League was created in 1900

Madam C.J. Walker

The first black millionaire who owned and operated a hair and cosmetics business during the early 1900s was a product of this new intellectual and business environment

Push factors

Negative conditions that push people away

Pull factors 

Positive condito that pull people in 

David Swinton notes in The State of Black America, 1989,

That there is a great "disparity" between black and white ownership in financial holdings (stocks and bonds, US government savings bonds, IRAs, Keoghs, etc.)

In household ownership…

Black people's household ownership amounts to a mere 5 percent, compared to that of white household ownership of 22 percent for whites.

Overall, while blacks represent about 13 percent of the total American population…

African Americans own less than one percent of the businesses in this country.

During the 1990s and early 2000s, African American business ownership accounted for 1.2 million of the 23 million US businesses.

By 2012, the number had jumped to 1.9 million or by 9.4 percent.

Douglass believed that the…

"sports and merriments" sanctioned by the slave masters were among the most effective ways of "keeping down the spirit of insurrection."

Brothers Moses and Welday Walker

Both played for the Toledo Mudhens of the American Association, a major league in the 1880s

What sport became closely identified with blacks. The college and professional games are dominated by blacks?

Basketball  

Matrilineage

Decent is traced through the female

Same linage as their mother 

Patrilineage

Decent is traced through the male

Same linage as their father 

Polygyny

Man have more than one wife 

Bigamy

Being married to more than one person

Polygynous requires not only wealth but also…

Interpersonal skills. The husband must be able to balance the needs of all his co-wives and keep them in harmony

African societies trace family membership through…

Males (patrilineal descent), through females (matrilineal descent), or through both equally (bilateral or cognatic descent).

Examples of patrilineal societies in Africa include the…

• Tiv and Yoruba of Nigeria

• Tallensi of Ghana

• Kikuyu of Kenya

• Swazi of Swaziland

• Mossi of Burkina Faso

• Malinke of Senegal, Mali

Bride-wealth

Where a groom or his family provides assets like money, livestock, or property to the bride's family as compensation for the marriage

Pastoral people eat…

milk products along with staple grains, supplemented with vegetables from women's gardens, and when an animal is slaughtered for an occasion, meat

Ghost marriage

Women remains married if her husband dies. His brother or kinsman assumes responsibility for her

Matrilineal descent is relatively rare in Africa…

being found in only 14 percent of the societies

E. Franklin Frazier

• Slavery contributed to the loss of traditional African family values within the black community

• Forcing African Americans to assimilate the values of the while family structure  

Melville Herskovits

• Stressed the strength of the black family even in slavery and joined to the survival factor that Frazier over looked 

What is Pan-Africanism?

A philosophy of freedom grounded in the cultural and political solidarity of all Africans, including those who are a part of the African Diaspora

Neocolonialism

A system in which periods colonial powers, along with the new superpowers, employ various economic and political strategies in order to maintain control of the region.

• Indirect 

Imperialism

The domination of one country over another country’s political, economic, and cultural system through diplomacy or military force 

• Direct 

Africans decolonization process has been marked by three main periods  or waves of independence

The 1950’s, the 1960’s, and the 1970’s

• Prior to 1950, only Liberia, Egypt, and Ethiopia, were independent states 

• During the 1950s, three colonies in Sub-Sahara Africa, Sudan, Guinea, and Ghana, achieved independence, joining the already independent states of Libya (1951), Morocco (1956), and Tusiaia (1956)

Irredentism

A policy of advocating the restoration to a country of any territory formerly belonging to it.

Secession

the action of withdrawing formally from membership of a federation or body, especially a political state.

Non-alignment 

The policy of refusal to establish a military alliance with either bloc became known as

• To not align with either party 

African nations united and formed the Organization of African Unity

The organization was formed in 1963

• Formed to assume Africans a voice in both political and economic matters on the continent

The independence of Africa, which was technically completed with the successful decolonization of Namibia in 1990 and the recognition of Eritrea's independence in 1993

Left behind some 34 million blacks under the apartheid system in the Republic of South Africa

The Nationalist Party seized power in 1948 and had since then controlled the lives of its non-white population

Those known as Afrikaners (Boers) 

• Boers has adopted a policy of racial separation, known as "separate development,” targeting four areas:

• Legal classification of population according to race

• Designation of specific areas for a determined race

• Interdiction on interracial marriages

• Prohibition of sexual relations between whites and other races

Nelson Mendela

South Africa’s first black president

• African National Congress (ANC)

Steve Biko

Leader of the Student Consciousness Movement of the mid-1970’s

The Diaspora

Refers to the scattering or removal of a population from their homeland

• where migrants form permanent communities away from their homeland.

Namdi Azikive

The first president of Nigeria

Due to stereotypes and myths about Africa during the nineteenth and the twentieth century…

Some black people in the US began to reject the designation "African", "Afro-American" and "Black"

Emigration to Africa was revived after World War I by

Marcus Garvey, who traveled from Jamaica to America

• Established Universal Negro Improvement Association (UNIA)

Elliott P. Skinner

Professor of Anthropology at Columbia University, attributes part of the source to how frequently continental Africans were accorded treatment, rights, and privileges denied their African American cousins.

When was MLK assassinated?

1968

When was Malcolm X assassinated?

1965

Who claimed Barack Obama was not "a true enough African American”

Alan Keyes

The federal government has over the years, provided assistance to poor white and poor black families

• These services are offered through programs such as medicaid

• The supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP)

• Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF)- created by the Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act of 1996

• Child care assistance