Ch. 7 pt. 2 vocab

APW

Scientific Revolution

A period (16th-17th centuries) of major advances in science, challenging traditional beliefs and emphasizing observation and reason

Reinvigorated

Renewed strength or energy; in history, often refers to revitalizing ideas or institutions

Corporation (European universities)

Self-governing associations of scholars that became centers of learning in medieval Europe

Madrassas

Islamic religious schools focused on theology and law, limiting scientific inquiry

Nicolaus Copernicus

Polish astronomer who proposed the heliocentric model of the universe

Galileo

Italian scientist who used telescopes to support heliocentrism and advanced physics

Isaac Newton

English scientist who formulated laws of motion and universal gravitation

Johannes Kepler

German astronomer who discovered planetary motion laws (elliptical orbits)

Rene Descartes

French philosopher who emphasized reason and skepticism; “I think, therefore I am”

Adam Smith

Economist who wrote The Wealth of the Nations, advocating free markets

John Locke

Philosopher who argued for natural rights and government by consent

European Enlightenment

Intellectual movement emphasizing reason, progress, and individual rights

Voltaire

French writer who championed freedom of speech and religion

Satirical

Using humor or irony to criticize society or politics

Diving Right of Kings

Belief that monarch’s rule by God’s will and are accountable only to Him

Pantheists

Belief that God and the universe are identical

Deists

Belief in a rational God who does not intervene in human affairs

Encyclopedia

Comprehensive work compiling Enlightenment knowledge, edited by Diderot

Condorcet

French philosopher who believed in progress and human perfectibility

Rousseau

Philosopher who advocated popular sovereignty and the social contract