ABRAHAM MASLOW

HIERARCHY OF NEEDS

organizes human needs into a five-level pyramid, starting from basic physiological needs at the bottom (like food and water) to self-actualization at the top.

HOLISTIC-DYNAMIC THEORY

assumes that the whole person is constantly being motivated by one need or another

Bertha Goodman

The bashful young man in this story was Abraham Maslow, and his cousin was (blank)

John B. Watson

His graduate-level research with primates was greatly influenced by the work of (blank)

BASIC NEEDS

These are the essential requirements for human survival and well-being. In Maslow’s theory, they include physiological needs (like air, food, and water) and safety needs (like shelter and security).

PREPOTENCY

They must be satisfied or mostly satisfied before higher level needs become activated

PHYSIOLOGICAL NEEDS

•Most Basic Needs

•(Blank) are the most prepotent of all.

•Food, water, oxygen, maintenance of body temperature, and so on.

SAFETY NEEDS

Physical security, stability, dependency, protection, and freedom from threatening forces such as war, terrorism, illness, fear, anxiety, danger, chaos, and natural disasters. The needs for law, order, and structure are also safety needs.

basic anxiety

They spend far more energy than healthy people trying to satisfy safety needs, and when they are not successful in their attempts, they suffer from what Maslow called (blank)

Love and belongingness

Desire for friendship; the wish for a mate and children; the need to belong to a family, a club, a neighborhood, or a nation.

Esteem needs

Self-respect, confidence, competence, and the knowledge that others hold them in high esteem

Reputation

Perception of the prestige, recognition, or fame a person has achieved in the eyes of others

Self esteem

Is a person’s own feelings of worth and confidence

Self actualization needs

Include self-fulfillment, the realization of all one’s potential, and a desire to become creative in the full sense of the world

Aesthetic needs

are not universal, but at least some people in every culture seem to be motivated by the need for beauty and aesthetically pleasing experiences

Cognitive needs

Most people have a desire to know, to solve mysteries, to understand, and to be curious

Neurotic needs

are nonproductive. They perpetuate an unhealthy style of life and have no value in the striving for self-actualization

Expressive behavior

•Distinguished by Maslow as often unmotivated.

•An end in itself and serves no other purpose than to be.

•Frequently unconscious and takes place naturally and with little effort.

•Has no goals or aim but is merely the person’s mode of expression.

Coping behavior

•Ordinarily conscious, effortful, learned, and determined by the external environment

•Serves some aim or goal, and is always motivated by some deficit need

Instinctoid nature of needs

Some human needs are innately determined even though they can be modified by learning

Ruth Benedict, Max Wertheimer

Maslow puzzled by (blank) and (blank) —saw them as representing the highest level of human development

Good human being

Took notes on Benedict and Wertheimer, searched for others whom he can call (blank).

B-values

 Self-actualizing people motivated by “eternal verities” (Blank)

B values

indicators of psychological health, Opposed to deficiency needs

Metaneeds

B-values are not needs in the same sense that food, shelter, or companionship are. Maslow termed B-values “blank” to indicate that they are the ultimate level of needs.

Metamotivation

He distinguished between ordinary need motivation and the motives of self-actualizing people, which he called (blank).

Metapathology

Absence of B-values → existential illness, (blank) (lack of meaningful philosophy of life)

B-love

Self-actualizing people are capable of (blank), that is, love for the essence or “Being” of the other

Desacralization vs. Resacralization

(blank): Criticized cold, detached science; advocated for bringing awe, wonder, and human values back into scientific inquiry.

Taoistic Attitude

Encouraged a non-controlling, receptive, and open approach in psychology.

Personal Orientation Inventory

developed by Everett L. Shostrom

150 forced-choice items.

Everett L. Shostrom

Personal Orientation Inventory is developed by (blank)

• 150 forced-choiced items

Short Index of Self Actualization

Developed by Alvin Jones & Rick Crandall

•15 items from the POI; 6-point Likert scale.

•Shorter, easier to complete.

•Valid and reliable.

Alvin Jones, Rick Crandall

Short Index of Self Actualization is developed by (blank)

•15 items from the POI; 6-point Likert scale.

•Shorter, easier to complete.

•Valid and reliable.

Brief Index of Self-Actualization (BISA-R)

Developed by Sumerlin & Bundrick

•32 items, 6-point Likert scale.

•strong psychometric properties and correlates with psychological health.

John Sumerlin, Charles Bundrick

Brief Index of Self actualization is developed by (blank)

•32 items, 6-point Likert scale.

•strong psychometric properties and correlates with psychological health.

Jonah Complex

Fear of realizing one’s full potential or being '“too great”

More efficient perception of Reality

Detect phoniness, genuine vs. fake, comfortable with ambiguity

Acceptance of Self, Others, and Nature

• Self-actualizing people can accept themselves the way they are.

•Lack defensiveness, tolerate weaknesses, accept human nature

Sponataneity, Simplicity, and Naturalness

• Unconventional yet ethical, emotionally expressive

• they might not conform to society's expectations, but they still do what’s right, based on their internal moral compass — not just what’s popular or accepted.

Problem-Centering

• Focus on tasks beyond self (others), have purpose/vocation

• Their occupation is not merely a means to earning a living but a vocation, a calling, an end in itself.

The need for privacy

• Comfortable alone, self-movers, not needy

• Since love and belongingness is fulfilled

Autonomy

• Inner confidence from unconditional love → less need for approval

Continued Freshness of Appreciation

• Daily awe for life’s blessings, gratitude (Resacralization)

• Instead of just seeing a tree as "a plant that produces oxygen," a self-actualizing person might also see it as something beautiful, alive, and deeply symbolic.

The peak experience

• is a moment of intense joy, insight, and transcendence, where a person feels completely in tune with themselves and the world around them.

Gemeinschaftsgefuhl (Social Interest)

Caring attitude, sense of oneness with all humanity

Profound Interpersonal Relations

• Deep connections with a few; empathy for all

The democratic character structure

• Friendly regardless of background(groups), learn from anyone

Discrimination between means and ends

• Enjoy activities as ends in themselves

• Find joy in the journey, not just destination

Philosophical sense of humor

• Nonhostile, insightful, situation-based humor

Creativeness

•Creative in various ways; not limited to arts

•“First-rate soup” over “second-rate poetry”

Resistance to Enculturation

• Transcend culture, follow inner values

• Not conformist; seek social change on important issues