19th Century Philippine Society, Economy, and Politics

What significant shift occurred during the 19th Century?

A shift towards modernity, breaking from traditional ways of life.

What major event characterized the 19th Century as part of the Age of Revolution?

The Industrial Revolution.

What was the primary outcome of the Industrial Revolution?

A shift from manual labor to machine-based production.

Which revolutions were influenced by the Enlightenment during the 19th Century?

The American and French Revolutions.

What did the Enlightenment value that influenced political revolutions?

Reason, rationality, and individualism.

What trade monopoly was established by the Spanish Crown in the Philippines?

The Manila-Acapulco Trade or Galleon Trade.

What goods were commonly traded during the Galleon Trade?

Mangoes, tamarind, rice, Chinese tea, textiles, and precious stones.

What factors contributed to the decline of the Galleon Trade?

Competition from self-sufficient nations, dwindling silver production, and revolts in the New World.

What is cash crop agriculture?

Farming where crops are grown primarily for sale rather than personal consumption.

Who acted as middlemen in the cash crop agriculture system in the Philippines?

Chinese immigrants.

What significant infrastructure development aided Philippine agriculture in the 19th Century?

The opening of the Suez Canal.

What was the average land holding of an Inquilino in the mid-18th century?

2.9 hectares.

How much land did the Rizal family rent in the 1890s?

Over 390 hectares.

What was the social condition of education in the mid-19th century Philippines?

Education was a privilege reserved for the highest racial class.

Who were the Peninsulares?

Pure-blooded Spaniards born in the Iberian Peninsula.

What term refers to full-blooded Spaniards born in the colonies?

Creoles or Insulares.

What does the term Mestizos refer to?

People of mixed native Filipino and foreign ancestry.

What was the lowest class in the 19th Century Philippine social hierarchy?

Indios.

What was the nature of the Philippine court system during Rizal's time?

Notoriously corrupt and biased against brown Filipinos.

What was the impact of racial prejudice in the Philippine court system?

Brown Filipinos were treated unfairly and had limited access to justice.

What type of government was in place in the Philippines during the 19th century?

A frailocracy, or government by friars.

What role did the Church play in the colonial government of the Philippines?

It manipulated indigenous people to comply with state laws.

What was the primary interest of the Spanish colonial government in the Philippines?

Exploiting the country's natural resources and labor for Spain's benefit.

What was the economic condition of the Inquilino class during the 19th century?

They became wealthy due to economic progress facilitated by the Industrial Revolution.

What was the effect of the Galleon Trade on Spain's status?

It made Spain a mercantilist superpower for a time.

What was the primary agricultural focus of the Philippines during the 19th century?

Supplying raw materials for Western industries.

What was the significance of the Rizal family's wealth in relation to education?

It allowed the Rizal children more time and focus towards education.