cardiovascular system, the heart, and fetal circulation

major components of cardiovascular system

heart, blood vessels, blood

major function of cardiovascular system

transportation of nutrients, oxygen, waste products, and hormones

what mediastinum is the heart in?

middle

2 circuits of cardiovascular system

pulmonary (lungs) and systemic (body)

format of pulmonary circuit

right side of heart pumps blood to lungs then it goes back to left side of heart

why does blood need to go to the lungs?

to become oxygenated

format of systemic circuit

left side of heart pumps blood to the body, then it goes back to right side of heart

what side of the heart receives deoxygenated blood from the body and pumps it too the lungs

right

what side of heart receives oxygenated blood from the lungs and pumps it to the body

left

holding areas for blood, more superior on the heart

atria

ejection chambers for blood, more inferior

ventricles

take blood away from the heart

arteries

take blood towards the heart

veins

returns blood from thoracic wall, upper limb, head and neck

superior vena cava

returns blood from the abdomen, pelvis, and lower limb

inferior vena cava

receives deoxygenated blood from the superior and inferior vena cavas, as well as the coronary sinuses 

right atrium 

discharges deoxygenated blood into the pulmonary circuit via the pulmonary trunk

right ventricle 

receives oxygenated blood from 4 pulmonary veins (2 for each side of heart)

left atrium 

discharge oxygenated blood into the systemic circuit via the aorta, ascending aorta, aortic arch, and descending aorta 

left ventricle 

how is backflow into the chambers prevented?

valves

prevent backflow into atria

atrioventricular valves

prevent backflow into ventricles

semilunar valves

right side, between atrium and ventricle

tricuspid valve

left side, between atrium and ventricle

bicuspid (mitral) valve

right side, between right ventricle and pulmonary trunk 

pulmonary semilunar valve

left side, between left ventricle and aorta

aortic semilunar valve 

the opening/closing of the valves is due to?

differences in pressure

ventricles contract to pump blood out of the heart; lub sound

systole sound

ventricles relax so blood can fill them again; dub sound

diastole sound

what valves close in systole?

tricuspid and bicuspid valves

what valves close in diastole?

pulmonary and aortic semilunar valves

what valves open in diastole?

tricuspid and bicuspid

layers of heart from superficial to deep:

epicardium, myocardium, endocardium 

pectinate muscle, fossa ovalis, and the opening of the coronary sinus are features of what part of the heart?

internal right atrium 

tricuspid valve, pulmonary trunk, pulmonary semilunar valve, trabeculae carneae, chordae tendineae, and papillary muscle are features of what part of the heart?

internal right ventricle

aorta, aortic semilunar valve, bicuspid valve, chordae tendineae, trabeculae carneae, and papillary muscle are features of what part of the heart?

internal left ventricle 

maximal blood flow to the myocardium occurs when the heart is ____

relaxed (diastole)

there is ____ ____ blood flow through the coronary circulation when the heart is _____

very little; contracting (systole)

contraction of myocardium ____ coronary arteries

compresses

entrances into the coronary circulation are partially blocked by the:

cusps of the open aortic semilunar valve 

most common site for plaque buildup that leads to heart attack

anterior interventricular a.

in coronary circulation, where does blood travel to after the base of the aorta?

right coronary a. or left coronary a.

the right coronary a. splits into:

r. marginal a. and posterior interventricular a.

the left coronary a. splits into:

anterior interventricular a. and circumflex a. 

what veins flow into the coronary sinus

small cardiac, middle cardiac, and great cardiac

what does the coronary sinus drain into

right atrium

what vein does the right marginal a. run with?

small cardiac v.

what vein does the post. interventricular a. run with?

middle cardiac v.

what artery does the great cardiac v. run with?

anterior interventricular a. 

the cardiac muscle of the heart can depolarize and contract ____ impulses from the ___ ___

without; nervous system

the rate of the intrinsic cardiac muscle contraction is set by what?

pacemaker cells

accelerates heart rate

sympathetic NS

decelerates heart rate

parasympathetic NS

fetuses:

have non-functioning lungs, cannot provide own nutrients, cannot remove own waste

develops in uterus alongside the fetus to allow maternal and fetal blood to communicate

placenta

umbilical vessels in the umbilical cord

1 umbilical vein: brings oxygenated blood from mom to fetus; 2 umbilical arteries: take deoxygenated blood away from fetal heart

the umbilical vein passes through the ____ ____ and caries ____blood to the _____

primitive liver; oxygenated; inferior vena cava 

what does the umbilical vein regress into

ligamentum teres (round ligament of the liver)

hole present in fetuses that shunts blood from the right atrium to left atrium to bypass the lungs

foramen ovale 

closure of the foramen ovale after birth forms the:

fossa ovalis 

shunts blood that made it to the left pulmonary a. to the aorta in fetuses 

ductus arteriosus 

closure of the ductus arteriosus after brith forms the:

ligamentum arteriosum