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Dichotomous key

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1

Dichotomous key

classification is used to adapt by organism. A diagnosis key to part is used each spot on the key. A choice must be made which leads to a new branch of the key.

<p>classification is used to adapt by organism. A diagnosis key to part is used each spot on the key. A choice must be made which leads to a new branch of the key.</p>
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Classification system (7 types)

Kingdom, phylum, class, order,family, genus and species

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first level of classification system is domains

Eubacteria-contains kingdom Eubacteria

Archae- contains kingdom archaebacteria, naked dna

Eukaryotes- contains protists, fungi, plants and animals, made up of eukaryotic cells

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The six kingdoms

Archaebacteria, ancient bacteria found in weird places, unicellular ex thermophiles

Eubacteria- true bacteria most common types, unicellular ex e.coli

Protists- eukaryotic, unicellular to multicellular mostly aquatic ex euglena, amoeba

Fungi- unicellular, eukaryotic, heterotrophic (must eat) ex yeast, mushrooms

Plants- multicellular autotrophic (makes its own food) eukaryotic example pine trees

Animals, eukaryotic multicellular heterotrophic

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5
<p>Phylogenetic tree</p>

Phylogenetic tree

Is a diagram showing the evolution relationships between species or group?

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6

Binary fission

Process- asexual reproduction

:parent cells duplicates its chromosomes, cell wall divides and gets two new cells

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7
<p>Bacteria</p>

Bacteria

main parts of bacteria are cell wall, plasma membrane, DNA and ribosomes

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8

Bacterial shapes

Spherical-coccus

Rod-Bacillus (rectangle)

Spiral-spirillum ( rectangle with spiral in it)

<p>Spherical-coccus</p><p>Rod-Bacillus (rectangle)</p><p>Spiral-spirillum ( rectangle with spiral in it)</p>
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Bacteria prefixes (say before the shape of bacteria)

Staphylo- clump

Strepto- chain

Diplo- pair

Mono- single

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10

Bacteriophage diagram

Is a virus that infects and replicates within bacteria and Archaea

<p>Is a virus that infects and replicates within bacteria and Archaea</p>
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11

Lytic cycle

is the cycle where the virus infects and destroys the host cell

1.attachment

2. injection

3. synthesis

4. assembly

5 lysis

<p><span>is the cycle where the virus infects and destroys the host cell</span></p><p>1.attachment</p><p>2. injection</p><p>3. synthesis</p><p>4. assembly</p><p>5 lysis</p>
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Lysogenic cyle

Is a dormant state of a virus that enters the hostel then remains in active

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Euglena

Has eyespot to sense light, flagellum is used to move around ,reproduce by binary fusion

<p>Has eyespot to sense light, flagellum is used to move around ,reproduce by binary fusion</p>
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Amoeba

Move pseudopodia (false foot)

Eat by engulfing food

Reproduce by binary fission

<p>Move pseudopodia (false foot)</p><p>Eat by engulfing food</p><p>Reproduce by binary fission</p>
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Paramecium

Uses cilla to move around

Has oral grove to eat

Cilla move food to oral grove, digestion takes place in gullet

Waste is expelled from vacuole thru anal pore

<p>Uses cilla to move around </p><p>Has oral grove to eat</p><p>Cilla move food to oral grove, digestion takes place in gullet</p><p>Waste is expelled from vacuole thru anal pore</p>
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Classification of protists

Both unicellular and cellular

Both Heterotroph and autotroph

mobile yes

Reproduction binary and conjunction

Role Helps the production of food like yoghurt and cheese

Example e.coli

<p>Both unicellular and cellular </p><p>Both Heterotroph and autotroph </p><p>mobile yes</p><p>Reproduction binary and conjunction </p><p>Role Helps the production of food like yoghurt and cheese</p><p>Example e.coli</p>
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<p>Fungi</p>

Fungi

Both and cellular or multicellular

Eukaryotic

Heterotrophic

more than 100,000 different species

Saprophytic (decomposer)

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Fungi types

Chytridiomycota, blastocladiomycota, neocallimastigomycota, microporidia, glomeromycota, ascompycota, basidiomycota

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Plant life cycle

Plant in diploid stage is to sporophyte (2N)

Sporophyte cell divide by meiosis to Produce asexual Haploid spores

Zygote grows into sporophytes and then cycle continues

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Plant characteristics

Multicellular

Eukaryotic

Autotrophic thru synthesis

Cannot move

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Plant types

Non vascular ( bryophytes)

Vascular (tracheophytes)

<p>Non vascular ( bryophytes)</p><p>Vascular (tracheophytes)</p>
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Non vascular plants bryophytes

Lack true roots, stem with a vascular tissue growth and grows moist environment, only grows several centimetres in height, example mosses, liverwort, and hornworts

<p>Lack true roots, stem with a vascular tissue growth and grows moist environment, only grows several centimetres in height, example mosses, liverwort, and hornworts</p>
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Lycophytes

Ferns

Lignin Makes plant strong

Have non photosynthesis gametophytes

Contains spores

<p>Ferns</p><p>Lignin Makes plant strong</p><p>Have non photosynthesis gametophytes</p><p>Contains spores</p>
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Gymnosperms

Includes coniferous trees like pines, spruce and cedar

Males cones produce and release pollen

Female cones produce eggs

Have needle like leaves and thick cuticles

<p>Includes coniferous trees like pines, spruce and cedar</p><p>Males cones produce and release pollen </p><p>Female cones produce eggs</p><p>Have needle like leaves and thick cuticles </p>
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Angiosperm

Flowering plants 90% Of all plants species are angiosperms Three main parts

1. Flower-specialized structure that produce pollen

  1. Fruit- the main ovary of flowering plants that contain seeds

  2. Cotyledon- Stores food by growing embryo

<p>Flowering plants 90% Of all plants species are angiosperms Three main parts</p><p>1. Flower-specialized structure that produce pollen</p><ol start="2"><li><p>Fruit- the main ovary of flowering plants that contain seeds</p></li><li><p>Cotyledon- Stores food by growing embryo</p></li></ol>
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Two sub divisions of angiosperms

Monocots

  • have one seed, parallel veins in the leaves

    diacots

  • Have 2 seeds leaves

  • Have a net like pattern of veins in leaf

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Animal

Eukaryotic multicellular

Most are mobile

have senses

Sexual reproduction

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Animal body plan

Three types

  1. Asymmetrical

  2. Radial- one central axis

  3. Bilateral symmetry two

<p>Three types</p><ol><li><p>Asymmetrical </p></li><li><p>Radial- one central axis</p></li><li><p>Bilateral symmetry two</p></li></ol>
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Invertebrate

Are animals without backbones

<p>Are animals without backbones</p>
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Vertebrates

Have a internal skeleton and backbone

<p>Have a internal skeleton and backbone</p>
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Five main groups of animals

Mammals, fish birds, reptiles and amphibians

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Mitosis stages and parts

Interphase G1- growth

Interphase G2- Reputation of DNA and growth

Prophase- Nuclear membrane dissolves nucleus dessolves, sister chromtids coil up and condense, spinal fibres form

Metaphase- sister chrometids lineup in the middle

Anaphase- sister chromotids pulled apart

Telophase- nucleuar membrane appear, cell divides into 2 new cells

<p>Interphase G1- growth</p><p>Interphase G2- Reputation of DNA and growth</p><p>Prophase- Nuclear membrane dissolves nucleus dessolves, sister chromtids coil up and condense, spinal fibres form</p><p>Metaphase- sister chrometids lineup in the middle</p><p>Anaphase- sister chromotids pulled apart</p><p>Telophase- nucleuar membrane appear, cell divides into 2 new cells</p>
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Asexual types

Binary fusion ,budding, fragmentation, vegetated reproduction, spore formation

<p>Binary fusion ,budding, fragmentation, vegetated reproduction, spore formation</p>
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Meiosis stage 1

Prophase 1- chromosome thicken

Metaphase 1- tetrads migrate toward middle

Anaphase 1- homologous chromosomes separate and move towards opposite sides

Telophase 1- cells now haploid, nuclear membrane begins to form

<p>Prophase 1- chromosome thicken</p><p>Metaphase 1- tetrads migrate toward middle</p><p>Anaphase 1- homologous chromosomes separate and move towards opposite sides</p><p>Telophase 1- cells now haploid, nuclear membrane begins to form</p><p></p><p></p>
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Meiosis stage 2

Prophase- nuclear membrane dissolves

Metaphase 2- chromosomes (2 chromotids) line up on the equator

Anaphase 2- nuclear membrane begins to form around the chromatids now called chromosomes

Telophase and cytokinesis- nuclear membrane form, 4 daughter cells produced

<p>Prophase- nuclear membrane dissolves</p><p>Metaphase 2- chromosomes (2 chromotids) line up on the equator</p><p>Anaphase 2- nuclear membrane begins to form around the chromatids now called chromosomes</p><p>Telophase and cytokinesis- nuclear membrane form, 4 daughter cells produced</p>
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36

Karotypes

Are pictures of chromosomes that has been arranged according to number, size, shape or other characteristics

<p> Are pictures of chromosomes that has been arranged according to number, size, shape or other characteristics </p>
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Genotype vs phenotypes

Genotype is the letter ex Rr

Phenotype is what it is so R=Red r=white

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Non disjunction

Is the failure of chromosomes to separate during meiosis, resulting in an odd number of chromosomes ex

Monotomy, trisomy

<p>Is the failure of chromosomes to separate during meiosis, resulting in an odd number of chromosomes ex</p><p>Monotomy, trisomy</p>
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Types of mutations

Turner’s syndrome, klinefelters syndrome, patau syndrome, Edgeworth syndrome,down syndrome

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40

Carbohydrates

Monosaccharides, Diasccharides, polysaccharides

<p>Monosaccharides, Diasccharides, polysaccharides </p>
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Monomers and polymers

Carbs, protein and fats are all polymers made up as several repeating units called monomers -monomers are simple building blocks of longer chain polymers

<p>Carbs, protein and fats are all polymers made up as several repeating units called monomers -monomers are simple building blocks of longer chain polymers</p>
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42

Digestive system

A system that breaks some food nutrients which are absorbed and transported by the cell circulatory system

<p>A system that breaks some food nutrients which are absorbed and transported by the cell circulatory system</p><p></p>
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Four layers of the stomach

  1. Mucosa- innermost layer

  2. Submucosa- layer of connective tissues

  3. Muscular- contains smooth muscle

  4. Serosa-outermost layer hold stomach in place

<ol><li><p>Mucosa- innermost layer</p></li><li><p>Submucosa- layer of connective tissues </p></li><li><p>Muscular- contains smooth muscle </p></li><li><p>Serosa-outermost layer hold stomach in place</p></li></ol><p></p>
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stabilizing selection

Stabilizing selection favours the average trait

<p>Stabilizing selection favours the average trait</p>
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Directional selection

Favours one extreme over the another

<p>Favours one extreme over the another</p>
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Disruptive selection

Favours the extreme of range

<p>Favours the extreme of range</p>
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Bottleneck

A change in gene distribution that results from a rapid decrease in population size

<p>A change in gene distribution that results from a rapid decrease in population size </p>
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Founder effect

A change in gene pool when a few individuals start a new population

<p>A change in gene pool when a few individuals start a new population </p>
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Divergent evolution

A pattern of evolution in which species that were once similar to an ancestral species diverge or become distinct

<p>A pattern of evolution in which species that were once similar to an ancestral species diverge or become distinct </p>
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Convergent evolution

Two unrelated species share similar traits

<p>Two unrelated species share similar traits </p>
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Co evolution

A process in which one species is evolved in response to the evolution of another species

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Adaptive radiation

how a species evolves to its environment while remaining very similar

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Homologous structures

Have similar structural element and origin but has different functions

<p>Have similar structural element and origin but has different functions </p>
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Vestigial structures

Structure that once had a use but now is less functional or useful

<p>Structure that once had a use but now is less functional or useful</p>
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Analogous structures

Organisms that do not have a common evolutionary origin but perform similar functions

<p>Organisms that do not have a common evolutionary origin but perform similar functions </p>
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Circulatory system

moves oxygen, nutrients and hormones to your body's cells to use for energy, growth and repair

<p><strong>moves oxygen, nutrients and hormones to your body's cells to use for energy, growth and repair</strong></p>
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Fossil evidence

Provides a record of how creature evolved and how this process can be represented by a tree of life. Showing that all species are related to each other

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DNA structure

A dna molecule consists of two long polynucleotide chains composed of 4 types of nucleotide subunits

<p>A dna molecule consists of two long polynucleotide chains composed of 4 types of nucleotide subunits</p>
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60

Embryology

The study of formation and development of an embryo and fetus

<p>The study of formation and development of an embryo and fetus</p>
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61

Plylogentic tree and clades

Is a diagram that depicts the lines of evolutionary descent of different species, organisms or genes from a common ancestor

<p>Is a diagram that depicts the lines of evolutionary descent of different species, organisms or genes from a common ancestor </p>
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respiratory system

It includes your lungs, nose, mouth and the tube like structures that connect them

<p>It includes your lungs, nose, mouth and the tube like structures that connect them</p>
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63

Plant tissue

4 type of tissue

  1. Meristematic tissue-cell growth

  2. Dermal tissue- outermost tissue (protection)

  3. Ground tissue- innermost layer( nutrients stored)

  4. Vascular tissue- cells involves on transporting water and nutrients though the plant

<p>4 type of tissue</p><ol><li><p>Meristematic tissue-cell growth</p></li><li><p>Dermal tissue- outermost tissue (protection)</p></li><li><p>Ground tissue- innermost layer( nutrients stored)</p></li><li><p>Vascular tissue- cells involves on transporting water and nutrients though the plant</p></li></ol>
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64

Stem function

  1. Supports and attachments for leaves, flowers and fruits

  2. Transport of material between the root and the leaves

  3. Nutrients storage

  4. Plant growth

<ol><li><p>Supports and attachments for leaves, flowers and fruits</p></li><li><p>Transport of material between the root and the leaves</p></li><li><p>Nutrients storage</p></li><li><p>Plant growth </p></li></ol>
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Roots function

1.Anchor of the plant

  1. Absorb water and inorganic nutrients

  2. Storage of water

<p>1.Anchor of the plant</p><ol start="2"><li><p>Absorb water and inorganic nutrients </p></li><li><p>Storage of water </p></li></ol>
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66

Leaf diagram

Consist of a tip, margin, midrib, vein, venules, petiole, steam, axil and leaf base

<p>Consist of a tip, margin, midrib, vein, venules, petiole, steam, axil and leaf base</p>
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Tropisms

A phenomenon indicating the growth or turning point of an organism usually a plant in respond to an environment stimulus

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Total lung capacity

The total amount of air that can be in your lungs

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Tidal volume

Normal amount of air that can be exhaled

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Vital capacity

Maximum amount of air that can be exhaled

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Inspiratory reserve volume

Extra intake of air after max inhalation

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Expiratory reserve volume

Extra exhalation of air after max exhalation

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Residual volume

Little bit of air left over in your long after a big exhalation

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