Ch. 23 Reproductive Systems

Testes

An essential organ of the male reproductive system?

Ovaries

An essential organ of the female reproductive system

Spermatogenesis

Sperm production is called:

Masculinizing the male, promoting and maintaining the development of male accessory organs, and stimulating protein anabolism

Hormones testosterone is responsible for:

Days 1-5 are the menses period

During a typical 28-day menstrual cycle:

Estrogen

responsible for development and maturation of the female reproductive organs

dysmenorrhea

Another name for menstrual cramps (painful)

cryptorchidism

The term for an undescended testicle is:

Candidiasis

A common yeast infection that can be transmitted sexually is:

venereal diseases

Another term for sexually transmitted diseases is:

Gametes

sex cells that fuse at fertilization to form a one-celled zygote, the first cell of the offspring

sperm

gamete from the male parent

ovum

gamete from the female parent

gonads

essential organs

testes (R&L testis)

located in the scrotum; manufacture sperm in seminiferous tubules; mature sperm appears at puberty; sperm is made the entire life, but numbers may diminish; each testis is surrounded by a tough, whitish membrane called the tunica albuginea

testosterone

powerful hormone that is secreted into the blood starting at puberty; causes vocal cords to thicken so voice lowers; causes body hair; causes muscle development; causes development of the sex organs; helps in sperm production

Steriods

What is synthetic testosterone?

Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)

the hypothalamus in both males and females, secrets - __, which stimulates the anterior pituitary to secrete the gonadotropins (hormone that has a stimulating effect on the gonads), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), and luteinizing hormone (LH)

Scrotum

Sac that hold the testes; hangs outide the body to keep the area about one degree F-three degrees F cooler for sperm production

Epididymis

very tightly coiled tube lies along the top and behind the testes inside the scrotum; stores sperm; sperm matures and develop the ability to swim here

Vas Deferens

tube carrying sperm away from epididymis; Muscular

Vasectomy

cutting of the vas deferens; still can have normal sex life; ejaculate material will not have sperm; simpler operation than female sterilization

Accessory glands

produce seminal fluid into the top of the urethra

seminal fluid

white, milky fluid; carries sperm during ejaculation; nourishes sperm; is alkaline to protect sperm from acidic vagina

prostate gland

below bladder, doughnut shaped; Makes 30% of the seminal fluid; this part of the fluid activates the sperm and maintains their motility

Seminal vesicles

Makes 60% of seminal fluid; fluid is thick, yellowish, and contains the sugar fructose; source of energy for the sperm

Cowper's gland (bulbourethral gland)

Makes less than 5% of the seminal fluid that lubricates terminal portions of the urethra; fluid is very clear

urethra

tube carrying the sperm to the outside; tube through which male ejaculates and urinates, but cannot at the same time

Penis

deposits sperm into the female; made of spongy erectile tissue that fills with blood when male becomes sexually excited; nerve endings on end of penis make that area very sensitive

ejaculation

reflex, a peristaltic movement starting at the vas deferens and discharging seminal fluid; each discharges about 3-5 ml of fluid (about 1 teaspoon)

20-100 million per ml

normal sperm count/ each ejaculated ml

300-500 million

total sperm count during ejaculation (20 million total sperm is considered minimum to cause a pregnancy)

external genitals

penis and scrotum; penis has three columns of erectile tissue

glans penis

distal end of penis; covered by foreskin

prepuce

foreskin

circumcision

surgical removal of the foreskin

two

the scrotum is divided into __ sacs by a septum; each sac contains a testis, epididymis, part of vas deferens, and beginning of spermatic cords

Essential organs (2)

ovaries

ovaries

located in the lower abdomen; they are the side and shape of an almond

ovaries function

produce the ovum (egg); when female is born she already has about one million ovarian follicles; each contains an oocyte; puberty reduces the follicles to about 400,000 which are called the primary follicles

oocyte

immature stage of the ovum

300-500

During her reproductive lifetime, of these primary follicles, only about __ will develop into mature follicles and release it during ovulation; follicles that don't mature degenerate an are reabsorbed into the ovarian tissue

Graafian follicle

the sac containing a mature ovum is the mature ovarian follicles, is often called a _ _, in honor of the Dutch anatomist Regnier de Graaf who discovered it over 300 years ago

Corpus luteum

The ovum ruptures the follicle when it leaves, and the ruptured follicle is transformed into a structure called the _ _

oogenesis

the production of female gamates during meiosis; the amount of cytoplasm is divided unequally; result is one large ovum and polar bodies the degenerate

ovary functions

oogenesis and production of estrogen and progesterone

estrogen

causes breast development and weight around hips, growth of body hair, development of the sex organs, starts the first menstrual cycle

progesterone

made by the corpus luteum causes the lining of the uterus to become thick

accessory organs

fallopian tubes, uterus, vagina, bartholin's glands, breasts, external genitalia or vulva

fallopian tubes

do not attach to the ovaries; finbriae; the ovum is released into the body cavity and is picked up by the fimbriae; ovum is propelled down the tube by muscular contractions and beating of the cilia; fertilization take place here; tubal ligation

finbriae

fringe-like end of the tube that covers the ovary

tubal ligation

cut fallopian tubes; more complicated than male sterilization because it is inside the body cavity

uterus

about the size of a pear but very strong; it is mostly all smooth muscle; it grows during pregnancy; cervix; fetus develops here; endometrium

cervix

lower, narrow section of uterus

endometrium

inner lining of uterus

vagina

receives sperm and is the birth canal; muscular and elastic

bartholin's glands (greater vestibular glands)

secrete lubricating fluid when the female becomes sexually aroused

breasts

located over pectoral muscle of thorax; size determined by fat quantity more than amount of glandular tissue; lactiferous ducts drain at nipple, which is surrounded by pigmented areola

external genitalia or vulva

mons pubis, labia majora, labia minora, clitoris, hymen

mons pubis

pad of fat over the symphysis pubis (hair appears here at puberty)

labia majora

large fold of skin

labia minora

smaller fold of skin inside labia majora

clitoria

where smaller fold meet; made of erectile tissue; nerve ending for sexual arousal and pleasure

Hymen

will break during first sexual intercourse if it hasn't already broken through vigorous physical exercise

Menarche Menstrual Cycle

the first menses or menstrual flow is the _ _ __ (starts at puberty- 13 years old)

amenorrhea

does not start or is delayed; could be delayed due to hormone imbalances, genetic disorders, brain lesions, structural deformities of reproductive organs

16

If menses does not start by age __ a doctor should be consulted

30-40

cycles will continue usually for between ____ years

menopause

when cycle stops; hormone changes

Days 1-5

menses period; small patches of dead cell of uterine lining slough off, leaving torn blood vessels; menstrual bleeding comes from these torn vessels

Days 6-13

Proliferative Phase; epithelial cells reproduce, repairing uterine lining

Day 14

Ovulation; ovum is released from ovary and moves into uterine (fallopian) tube for possible fertilization

Days 15-28

Secretory phase; uterine lining prepares for pregnancy (that is, implantation of fertilized ovum) by growing thicker, secreting and developing greater blood supply; on last day, blood supply decreases greatly, causing come lining cells to die

Birth control pills

contain estrogen suppress FSH sectrtion and prevents ovulation

Primary dysmenorrhea

most common in adolescents and young women

Primary dysmenorrhea cause

overproduction of prostaglandins in inner lining of uterus which causes spasms decreasing blood flown and oxygen to uterine muscle causing pain

Primary dysmenorrhea treatment

anti-inflammatory drugs to decrease prostaglandin production; a doctor can prescribe more powerful anti-inflammatories or oral contraceptives

Secondary dysmenorrhea

menstrual related pain due to pelvic pathology with the reproductive organs; need to treat the disorder

Undescended testes

cryptorchidism; caused by hormonal imbalances in fetus or physical deficiency or obstruction; testicle normally descends from the abdomen to the scrotum about two months before birth; surgery may be done or testosterone, which causes the testes to descend, may be given

Inguinal hernia

part of the intestines protrude through a weak area in the abdominal wall into the scrotum; the weak area was created by the path of the descending testes; caused by heavy lifting or is congenital; surgery corrects it

hydrocele

accumulation of watery fluid in the scrotum; usually a result of infection or trauma

male infertility

abnormally low ability to reproduce

oligospermia

decreased production of sperm (leading cause of infertility; could be due to infection, radiation, fever, hormone imbalance, malnutrition, high temperature in the testes; sperm count could be high but motility may be low)

sterility

complete inability to reproduce

Impotence

failure to achieve an erection; may be physical, like diabetes, circulatory problems, nerve damage, drugs, alcohol, etc.; may be psychological (anxiety, depression, stress)

phimosis

tight foreskin that cannot be retracted

paraphimosis

foreskin cannot be replaced to usual position after it has been retracted behind the glans

erectile dysfunction (ED)

failure to achieve erection of the penis

hypospadias

urethra opens on underside of glands or shaft

Epispasias

urethra opens on top of glands or shaft

15-30

testicular tumor malignancies are most common in men __ years old due to genetic disposition, trauma or infection to testes and cryptorchidism

benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH)

noncancerous condition that is a common problem in older men; enlargement or hypertrophy of prostate gland; as prostate enlarges, it squeezes the urethra, closing it so much that urination becomes very difficult or impossible

prostatectomy

ical removal of all or part of the prostate gland (other treatments include chemotherapy, microwave therapy, hormonal therapy, x-ray radiation treatments)

brachytherapy

involves putting small radioactive "seeds" into the prostate tumor where they give off radiation for a year

ectopic pregnancy

when fertilized egg implants anywhere except the uterus; most often implants in the fallopian tube; tube may rupture if pregnancy isn't terminated, likely resulting in death of fetus and mother

dysfunctional uterine bleeding (DUB)

irregular or excessive uterine bleeding; caused by hormonal imbalance or structural problem that disrupts blood supply; significant medical problem affecting about two million women in the U.S. each year; over time can result in life-threatening anemia due to chronic loss of blood

DUB treatments

NSAIDS, low dose hormonal birth control pills. hysterectomy

hysterectomy

surgical removal of the uterus

endometrial ablation

less invasive procedure to destroy the endometrial lining and halt bleeding

premenstrual syndrome (PMS)

collection of symptoms that occur in some women before menstruation; irritable, fatigue, nervousness, depression